Essay Health Insurance Pros And Cons

At present, the health care dilemma has become a bone of contention with the public as to whether or not this health coverage is to be supplied by the government. People often possess different perspectives and referred to pros and cons on both sides of the spectrum. While some believes a universal healthcare system will set a foundation for lower quality of service, increasing governmental finance deficit, and being burdened by high tax for tax-payer, others do not hold the same thought. A universal healthcare system brings enormous advantages rather than disadvantages, such as all-inclusive population coverage, convenient accessibility, low time cost, and affordable medical cost, all of which not only provide minimum insurance.

As the increasing of the patients, they still needed working capital to support their expenditure. The most sources of money were from found-raising and receiving the donation from tycoons or philanthropists. Fortunately, this model of operation for health institutions struck the balance between income and expense barely. However, the situation went worse and worse because of the increasing of tax from the government and raising of resource abuse from immoral patients. As a result, the health institutions were compelled not to provide shelter for the low-income people and underprivileged. In addition, they changed their mind on their operation and decided to charge their patients in order to restrain the immoral phenomenon. The notion of Health insurance also budded in this time. The accident insurance, another name with which we are more familiar is Disability insurance, was provided by the Franklin Health Assurance Company of Massachusetts. The purpose of the plan was to compensate the salary those who got hurt and couldn’t work in a rail or steamboat accident. However, patients still paid the healthcare fee when they went to the hospital.

During the Great Depression, hundreds of thousands of middle-class people lost their bread-and-butter. The tough circumstance brought a series of sequential problems, such as poor quality of life, public disorder, and especially unsatisfying demand of medical services. It is a stimulus for employer-sponsored organization to assist low-income family to cover their expenses at health institutions. It is a kind of health insurance. Simultaneously, government drafted out a plan to resolve social problems. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt prepared to pass the Social Security Act (SSA). Originally, he considered the concept of all-inclusive healthcare system in this provision.

Pros/Advantages of health insurance

Of course, the most obvious advantage is that health insurance can provide coverage for some of your healthcare expenses. Doctor’s visits, trips to the emergency room and specialist treatments may be paid for (either in part or in whole) by this type of insurance. With health insurance, large hospital bills associated with surgery or other major treatments may also be covered depending on your specific policy.

And a PPO health insurance plan may also allow you to choose your own doctor, although you may pay more if he or she is not included in the network maintained by your health insurance carrier.

Private coverage also usually comes with more choices than those offered by public plans such as Medicare. This could allow you to choose the options that you are most likely to need and omit those that you don’t. The experiences that come with private health insurance might include shorter wait times, greater individualized attention and more sophisticated facilities. Public facilities can be overcrowded at times and may provide a lower level of care in many cases.

Cons/Disadvantages of health insurance

As you might expect, the greatest disadvantage of private health insurance can be the cost. This is especially true if you are in poor health and do not have access to group coverage of any kind. Many individual policies can cost several hundred dollars a month, and family coverage can be even higher. And even the more comprehensive policies come with deductibles and copays that insureds must meet before their coverage kicks in.

Most health insurance policies don’t offer coverage for all types of diseases and conditions. Those who need care that falls into one of the gaps that are written into these policies are on their own when it comes to paying for certain medical services. Furthermore, the cost of healthcare has risen much faster than the general rate of inflation, and this trend shows no sign of slowing.

Sex education: These 4 facts about virginity will bust all myths

By: Aishwarya Chopra

There have been a lot of misconceived myths about virginity, which are accepted as the truth. It is time to bust these myths and know the real facts.

Untouched by the world of sexual experiences, there exists a unicorn land where virgin women tightly-hold onto their hymen as a mark of their character. Right? Wrong.

It’s time to shun the wrong perception that songs, movies and gossip sessions on ‘virginity-par-charcha‘ have fed us. Let’s talks virginity myths and facts in this chapter of sex education 101:

1. Your “cherry” can’t be popped! 
We all seem to have false ideas about what the hymen ( a.k.a cherry ) is. It is often assumed that the hymen is a thin membrane that goes over the vagina. After penetrative sex, this hymen is broken, which results in bleeding. Its ‘absence’ is seen to signify a lack of virginity.

All of this is FALSE! The hymen doesn’t completely cover the vagina. This thin elastic membrane sits either outside the vagina or just inside of it. So the first time you experience sexual intercourse, you aren’t popping anything but just stretching the membrane a little bit.

So, always remember ladies: the hymen isn’t a sign of your virginity. It is significantly elastic and can be penetrated without breaking–but fragile enough to be affected by intense physical activity too.

2. Stop believing in absurd virginity tests!
The hymen doesn’t disappear forever after your first sexual intercourse. In fact, it stays in the body forever. Yet, many cultures have ritualized displaying bloody sheets after a married couple gets intimate for the first time to show that the young woman was a virgin.

Yet, what really is the connection between losing one’s virginity and bleeding? According to medical professionals, many women do not experience tearing or bleeding of the hymen the first time they have sex. This myth has a negative impact on women soon to experience sex.

The fear of pain or the anticipation of bleeding makes it harder for the muscles around the opening of the vagina to be relaxed. The feelings attached to the probable pain of penetration spread through the myth are the real culprits rather than the experience itself.

3. A visit to the gynaecologist won’t affect your virginity
Going for your first gynaecologist exam often brings anxiety, yet there is also a misconception that surrounds it. Similar to tampons, gynaecological exams are there to ensure reproductive health.

Gentle inspection of the external genitals is recommended by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare as a routine part of health care for kids and teens.

In a Pap smear test, an exam used to detect precancerous cells from the cervix, an instrument called a speculum is used to spread the walls of the stretchy hymen and vagina. However, the speculum‘s movement is wrongly considered to be an equivalent to sexual penetration–which often discourages women from taking the Pap test, leaving the potential diseases go unnoticed.

4. Your sexual partner can’t tell whether you’re a virgin or a not with certainty
If an experienced gynaecologist can’t tell if a woman has had intercourse by examining her hymen, then how on earth can your partner? On the other hand, to practice healthy sexual health it is essential to build relationships of trust with your partner. Being open with them about your sexual history can build deeper connections and keep you both healthy and happy.

Our ‘Lashman rekha’ of virginity is based on elastic scrunchies aka hymen that are built and evolve into different anatomic variations with different experiences. The intent in talking about virginity myths and facts is to shift the focus of the collective from just the status of the hymen to the entire knowledge of intimate health.

Reference:

https://www.healthshots.com/intimate-health/sexual-health/virginity-myths-and-facts/

 

English MCQs for Staff Nurse /Head Nurse/ Clinical/Nursing Instructor Jobs/ B.Sc/ Master of Nursing Nursing Entry Test

  1. While Pakistan has earned record revenue this year, __________ well behind in exports? it still lags
  2. Anna and Tania went shopping, but __________ couldn‘t find anything __________ liked? they, they
  3. Nuclear energy is __________ dangerous to be used widely? too
  4. I have money, I __________ it tomorrow? will purchase
  5. Cannon had __________ unique qualities _________ it was used widely in ancient times? such, that
  6. She succeeded by __________ hard? working
  7. Galilei made her children __________ chores on Sunday? do some
  8. I enjoy __________ tennis? playing
  9. Most of the guests arrived __________ buses? in
  10. The departmental store is open __________ eight to seven? from
  11. On leaving the shopping plaza, Kate was robbed __________ purse? of her
  12. If I had money, I __________ it now? would purchase
  13. The man __________ you met is an anchorperson? whom
  14. The woman __________ is standing by the table works in electronic media? who
  15. He is looking for accommodation __________ in flat or shared house? either
  16. You can go neither by train __________ by bus? nor
  17. Before designing a public park, the architect must __________ the public? consider
  18. When she was younger, she __________ five kilometers a day? walked
  19. The house is large __________ is quite old-fashioned? but
  20. We need to find __________ method to solve this problem? another
  21. The students in our school are __________ in other schools? smarter than those
  22. The number of web entrepreneurs __________ increasing every year? is
  23. Write down __________ your name and roll number? both
  24. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) burns less efficiently than gasoline __________? burns
  25. Oxygen can be mixed with __________ gasses such as Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Chlorine? other
  26. The man __________ wallet was stolen called the police? whose
  27. The market is nearer to them than __________? us
  28. He takes his turn, and she takes __________? hers
  29. If I had had money, I __________ it yesterday? would have purchased
  30. Umma, accompanied by her brother, __________ at the party? was
  31. White ball __________ for the first time in the 1992 Cricket World Cup? was used
  32. The new information on dengue virus caused panic in the public and government
    __________? alike
  33. I cannot come to see you _________ tomorrow? until
  34. He has been living in Switzerland _________ two years? for
  35. She is standing __________ her boyfriend? by
  36. He paid the dining bill __________ a credit card? with
  37. He did not give up __________? hoping
  38. __________ the bad weather, the outdoor party was rescheduled? Because
  39. of__________ loosing the first match, our team has won the world cup? Despite
  40. Everyone at the party __________ amazed by his performance? was
  41. She __________ for the upcoming tennis tournament? is training
  42. I __________ Afghanistan next year? am going to
  43. There are some vacant rooms __________ in flats and shared houses? both
  44. The sun rises __________ the east? in
  45. Nitrogen gas is in abundance __________ the Earth? on
  46. I was watching a TV program, when he __________ in? walked
  47. We are planning __________ out to dinner tonight? to take our guests
  48. She took lessons __________ how to swim? to learn
  49. The class teacher __________ Anna move to another chair? let
  50. He devotes much of his time __________ for the future? to planning

 

  1. For good health, she __________ bed earlier? should go to
  2. If you have time, you __________ the nature museum? should visit
  3. It is our problem, not __________?  theirs
  4. The number of guests at the party __________ amazing? was
  5. __________ 600 and 800 B.C, Olympics were held in Athens, Greece? Between
  6. She __________ the driving test to get a license? has to pass
  7. As there were no buses, she __________ home last night? had to walk
  8. __________ these books belong to? Who do
  9. I cannot concentrate, here is too much __________? detraction
  10. It is expected that the assembly will _________ these treaties? ratify
  11. He came in Karachi __________ August 14, 2010? on
  12. Bilal is not receiving the call. He is __________ at work? still
  13. Bilal is getting __________ the car? out of
  14. Saad is travelling __________ the school? towards
  15. They went __________ the rain? despite
  16. I was surprised by the large __________ people who came? number of
  17. Synonym of Bonhomie_____________? Affability
  18. He was abstained_______ salted food by the doctor? From
  19. Well, this is very interesting but I am very_____ ?Busy
  20. You _____very clearSound
  21. I am just____ out my new mobileTrying
  22. Drugs addicts in Pakistan are___ in special centers set up by the Government? Consulted
  23. Can you help____ up the mess? clear
  24. The deadline was nearby, so Mrs. Jamal had her student _____their essays? completed
  25. Javed, two of______ brothers attend primary school? wishes to be a school
  26. teacher after his graduation from the University? whose
  27. She lived_____ juice for ten days to slim down for the fashion show? off
  28. My husband asked him if he’d ever been convicted_____ a crimes? of
  29. The department head insisted that he____ absolute authority to regulate office
    work? would be given
  30. She has been supporting her family______ her husband’s death? since
  31. There is something wonderful_____ him? about
  32. Could I have a____ of chocolate? bar
  33. Four independent______ testified to seeing him at the scene of the crime? witnesses
  34. May I give you______ advice? some
  35. There______ any message from my teacher since she moved to London? hasn’t been
  36. If everything goes according to_______ , work will be complete in December.? schedule
  37. Please_____ two color passport photographs to the application form? attach
  38. He shows great ability____ Mathematics? in
  39. The sparrows took no____ the bread? notice of
  40. The powers of the party are__ in several places in the Constitution? enumerated
  41. The teacher found many mistakes in my composition, when she went___ it? through
  42. The President’s speech was so_____ that many people were persuaded to
    accept the need for change? eloquent
  43. The fireman managed to put____ the fire? out
  44. A system is_____ if it is easy for citizens to access and understand? transparent
  45. Did the boys turn____ for football practice? up
  46. Health______ labels have adorned cigarette packages since 1966 in USA? warning
  47. Some animals have unique_____ that allow them to survive in extreme weather
    conditions? characteristic
  48. What was the main______ behind London bombings? motive
  49. There was an_____ response for the marathon? overwhelming
  50. I would really______ if you could help me out? appreciate

 

  1. A speed limit is the______ legal speed that you can travel on the road? maximum
  2. Ali must have the______ to stick to his diet, if he wants to lose weight? determination
  3. Although he had no_____ injuries, doctors found that he was suffering from
    internal bleeding? external
  4. _______weight gain or weight loss is not good for your body? Excessive
  5. Water is made up of two____ , namely oxygen and hydrogen? Elements
  6. and Mrs. Khan go for a______ walk just before dinner? brisk
  7. A Computer is hard to repair as there may be hundreds of different_____ ? components
  8. We shall go for a picnic if the weather______ good? is
  9. In the test, we will_______ your work and then give you detailed feedback? assess
  10. The smoke went_______ the chimney? up
  11. She has only_____ friends? a few
  12. He wore multiple bracelets on_____ hand? each
  13. I______ to the Islamabad with some friends last night? went
  14. Army_____ troubled places as curfew remained in force? patrolling
  15. _____you hear the President’s speech? Did
  16. How much longer_____ this book? will you be needing
  17. He decided to______ his degree examination in order to get a higher score? rewrite
  18. The news was____ good to be true? too
  19. The speaker did not properly space out his speech, but went on_____ one point
    only? stressing
  20. How did these things come______? about
  21. Macbeth’s desire_____ power brought about his downfall? for
  22. The worker used_____ to patch up the hole in the wall? cement
  23. The agenda for the meeting is____ the notice? enclosed with
  24. I am exhausted, let’s_____ a day? call it
  25. It’s difficult_________ reconcile such different points of view? to
  26. Many people reported_________ a noise in the night? to have heard
  27. The color of the walls in my room has faded_____? away
  28. The flight stewardess the passenger_____________? how to fasten the seat belt
  29. _______a single word he says? don’t believe
  30. She made her stepson her______ to her large fortune? heir
  31. The girl ran______ the field when she saw her father after long time? across
  32. The Paralympics is a competition for the______? disabled
  33. He has___________ his mind to Join Pak Army? made up
  34. The farmers___________ their farms, if they had known that a thunderstorm was
    approaching? would have left
  35. I promise________ to you in all circumstances? stand with
  36. The problem___________ a lot of thought? calls for
  37. Do you prefer_________ or traditional art forms? contemporary
  38. It is already 8 o’clock. Can you________ time to catch the bus? make it in
  39. _________she is clever, she often makes mistakes? Although
  40. It is certain that human beings_______ latent power of which they are only vaguely aware? possess
  41. _________your instruction, we have closed your bank account? In accordance with
  42. He tends to________ any suggestion I make in meetings? cooperate
  43. My younger sister constantly misbehaves and is always causing_________? mischief
  44. If you had followed the rules, you_______ disqualified? would not have been
  45. The_______ were arrested for illegally hunting the bears? poachers
  46. _______you leave now, you will be late? Unless
  47. The man________ down the road is my brother? hurrying
  48. John said he________ to play at home? would prefer
  49. The housewife________ the cakes burning, and ran to switch off the oven? smelt
  50. If we go to the park___________, you like to come too? would

 

  1. When will you hand ________your assignment? in
  2. I am very much_________ to meet you? delighted
  3. If I had helped him, he________ drowned? would not have
  4. He has many friends, but______ are good ones? few
  5. ______ the rain forests is very important, if we do not want the flora and fauna
    found there to become extinct? Preserving
  6. That was______ movie I have ever seen? the worst
  7. I assume________ with me? that everyone agrees
  8. There is quite tenuous evidence________ it? for
  9. The company let me_____ time off work? take
  10. ________you wake me up so early on a Sunday? could
  11. Do not stay in the grasslands after dark, as some animals become______ when
    they see humans? aggressive
  12. My father was angry______ my failure? At
  13. She remained a______ all her life? spinster
  14. My brother is devoted_________ religion? to
  15. The lion sprang______ the buffaloes? upon
  16. The song in the play cannot be deleted as it is_____ to the story? integral
  17. After_______ smoking, they let the cigarette fall on the wood floor? finishing
  18. There is something wonderful_____ him? about
  19. He_______ in Pakistan? lives
  20. The building is not safe and must be______ down? pulled
  21. He is blind_____ one eye? of
  22. I shall look_____ the matter? into
  23. I am very much_______ to meet you? delighted
  24. All of us are devoted____ one another? to
  25. The man_________ down the road is my brother? hurrying
  26. It is already 5 o’clock. Can you_________ time to catch the bus? make it in
  27. It is certain that human beings__ latent power of which they are only vaguely aware? possess
  28. If we go to the park__________ you like to come too? would
  29. Some people_______ to the officer against him about his misdeeds? complained
  30. The police forces have launched an operation to__ out the kidnapped person? trace
  31. If she is not interested, we will___________ the proposal? abandon
  32. There is something wonderful________ him? about
  33. The President’s speech was so______ that many people were persuaded to
    accept the need for change? eloquent
  34. A speed limit is the legal speed_____ that you can travel on the road? maximum
  35. In the test, we will_____ your work and then give you detailed feedback? assess
  36. The speaker did not properly space out his speech, but went on___ one point only? stressing
  37. Its difficult_______ reconcile such different points of view? to
  38. I promise to_________ you in all circumstances? stand with
  39. Asmah __________ a book yesterday? read
  40. It was raining yesterday, so we __________ out? did not go
  41. I __________ what was happening? couldn‘t understand
  42. If you work hard, you __________ good marks? will get
  43. If you __________ hard, you would not have failed in the exams? had worked
  44. If the camera was working, we __________ a movie? .could make
  45. Emma is getting __________ the car? out of
  46. Near the London eye, there is a bridge __________ the Thames River? .over
  47. Asmat is falling __________ the horse? off
  48. She is looking for a job in __________ electronic or print media? either
  49. They could save money if they bought __________ furniture? economical
  50. I ___an old friend in Empress Market this morning? came across

 

  1. Nothing must be allowed to_____ our search for the truth? interfered with
  2. Our plan_____ to succeed? bid fair
  3. Complete the following sentence: No sooner did the thief see the policeman____? then  he ran away
  4. What is Synonyms of word Nightmare? Incubus
  5. Pick the correct response from following sentence “In the beginning he worked
    honestly but later he turned_________ to be a cheat? Out
  6. As he was not prepared for making a speech he broke_______ in the middle? off
  7. Complete the following sentence: The doctor advised the patient________? not to neglect his health
  8. I dont agree with you; I think_________? it is rather a good film
  9. I enquired of him________? if he wanted to join the course
  10. He exclaimed with shock________? that it was a very tragic accident
  11. What is antonyms of word Restoration______? Depredation
  12. What is synonyms of word Pedigree_________? Lineage
  13. Because of oil crisis, the prices of commodities are looking_______? up
  14. Synonym of “Mano a Mano? Hand to hand
  15. I am astonished______ his behavior? With
  16. “Profligate” Antonym______? Thrifty
  17. “Reading” quickly and well requires practice. The “Reading” word is a/an _______? Gerund
  18. What does the word ‘CASCADE’ means? Waterfall
  19. Adnan is “very different about” passing the Civil Services Examination this year? Lacking self-confidence about
  20. It was he who put “a spoke in my wheel? thwarted in the execution of the plan
  21. Plough a lonely furrow means_____? do without the help of others
  22. He is “out and out” a reactionary? thoroughly
  23. Synonym of Shelve_______? postpone
  24. The decision did not appear to “hold out” bright prospects? offer
  25. Stew in ones own juice means________? Suffer for his own act
  26. Play to the gallery means_________? attempt to appeal to popular taste
  27. He is using “backstairs influence” to sort out his matter? Secret and unfair influence
  28. He was undecided. He “let the grass grow under his feet? loitered around
  29. This matter has been “hanging fire” for the last many days. It should be sorted out? going on slowly
  30. I ___an old friend in Empress Market this morning? came across
  31. Nothing must be allowed to_____ our search for the truth? interfered with
  32. Our plan_____ to succeed? bid fair
  33. Complete the following sentence: No sooner did the thief see the policeman____? then  he ran away
  34. What is Synonyms of word Nightmare? Incubus
  35. Pick the correct response from following sentence “In the beginning he worked
    honestly but later he turned_________ to be a cheat? Out
  36. As he was not prepared for making a speech he broke_______ in the middle? off
  37. Complete the following sentence: The doctor advised the patient________? not to neglect his health
  38. I dont agree with you; I think_________? it is rather a good film
  39. I enquired of him________? if he wanted to join the course
  40. He exclaimed with shock________? that it was a very tragic accident
  41. What is antonyms of word Restoration______? Depredation
  42. What is synonyms of word Pedigree_________? Lineage
  43. Because of oil crisis, the prices of commodities are looking_______? up
  44. Synonym of “Mano a Mano? Hand to hand
  45. I am astonished______ his behavior? With
  46. “Profligate” Antonym______? Thrifty
  47. “Reading” quickly and well requires practice. The “Reading” word is a/an _______? Gerund
  48. What does the word ‘CASCADE’ means? Waterfall
  49. Adnan is “very different about” passing the Civil Services Examination this year? Lacking self-confidence about
  50. It was he who put “a spoke in my wheel? thwarted in the execution of the plan
  51. Plough a lonely furrow means_____? do without the help of others
  52. He is “out and out” a reactionary? thoroughly
  53. Synonym of Shelve_______? postpone
  54. The decision did not appear to “hold out” bright prospects? offer
  55. Stew in ones own juice means________? Suffer for his own act
  56. Play to the gallery means_________? attempt to appeal to popular taste
  57. He is using “backstairs influence” to sort out his matter? Secret and unfair influence
  58. He was undecided. He “let the grass grow under his feet? loitered around
  59. This matter has been “hanging fire” for the last many days. It should be sorted out? going on slowly

Allergy & Asthma Network Statement on Pfizer/BioNTech Vaccine for COVID-19

Photo of close up doctor holding syringe and using cotton before make injection to patient in medical mask. Covid-19 or coronavirus vaccine

Note: This issue is evolving. We will update this post as news comes out. This post was updated on December 16, 2020.

What is the current guidance for Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine administration in the US for people with allergies?

The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has issued guidance for people with allergies and whether they should receive the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine for COVID-19. This guidance was issued when the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the vaccine Dec. 11 for emergency use in Americans ages 16 and over.

The guidance states the following:

People who should receive the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine

  • Anyone with a history of food, insect venom, oral medications, environmental or latex allergies
  • Anyone who has a non-serious allergy to vaccines or other injected medications.
  • Anyone with a family history of anaphylaxis

Must undergo a 15-minute observation period after receiving the vaccine to ensure there’s no severe allergic reaction.

People who should take caution with the vaccine along with a 30-minute observation period after vaccination

  • Anyone with a history of anaphylaxis to another vaccine or an injected medication

Discuss risks of vaccine and whether to wait to receive the vaccine; must undergo a 30-minute observation period after receiving the vaccine to ensure there’s no severe allergic reaction.

People who should not receive the vaccine:

  • Anyone with a history of anaphylaxis to any component of the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine.

What is the algorithm use to decide if people should receive the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine?

Photo of pfizer biotech vaccine chart

What is known regarding the COVID-19 vaccine allergy warning from the United Kingdom?

The CDC guidance came after health officials in the United Kingdom issued a warning for the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine. UK health officials warned that people with a significant history of allergic reactions to food, vaccines or medicines should not be given the vaccine. The warning came after two healthcare workers experienced anaphylaxis after receiving the vaccine. Both had a history of allergic reactions and used epinephrine to treat symptoms.

More research is needed to investigate the two reported cases of anaphylaxis, as well as the thousands of people who received the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine in the UK and United States during clinical trials.

People with a history of severe allergic reactions to vaccines were not part of Pfizer/BioNTech clinical trials earlier this year, notes allergist Purvi Parikh, MD, national spokesperson for Allergy & Asthma Network. “People with other types of allergies participated in the clinical trials and likely tolerated the vaccine with no issue,” she says.

UK health officials state that people with food allergies or a single medication allergy and no history of anaphylaxis are not at significantly higher risk of experiencing an allergic reaction to the vaccine. In addition, if a person experiences anaphylaxis as a result of the vaccine, they should not receive a second dose, UK health officials say.

How common is anaphylaxis to a vaccine?

Anaphylactic reactions to vaccines are extremely rare. They can occur due to the presence of a particular ingredient or preservative, such as egg or gelatin, however, the amount is so tiny that it is unlikely to trigger a severe allergic reaction.

Does the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine contain egg?

There is no link to the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and concerns of egg allergy and flu vaccine, as has been falsely reported by some media outlets.

Does the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine contain any preservatives?

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine does not contain any preservatives that may trigger an allergic reaction.

Do the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine stoppers contain any natural rubber latex?

The vial stoppers are not made with natural rubber latex, so the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine is safe for people with latex allergy.

Does the Pfizer/BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine contain PEG?

Some reports suggest that polyethylene glycol (PEG), a compound that helps the vaccine access cells, may have played a role in the two cases of anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions to PEG are also considered rare. The American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology (ACAAI) recommends that people with a known history of severe allergic reactions to PEG should not receive the vaccine.

The two reported cases of anaphylaxis in the UK should not deter anyone from seeking out the COVID-19 vaccine.

COVID-19 vaccines from other pharmaceutical companies are coming soon. Similar allergy concerns may arise with these new vaccines. We urge people with a history of anaphylaxis to consult with a board-certified allergist if they are concerned about the COVID-19 vaccine. Always keep with you two epinephrine auto-injectors if you are at risk for anaphylaxis.

 

Preceptor and Preceptee

PRECEPTOR

An experienced and competent professional

  • Acquire the necessary education and training
  • Act as a positive role model for the profession and demonstrates best practice and excellence in professional behaviours
  • Orientate and  integrate  the  preceptee  into  the  profession  and  the  clinical environment
  • Provide support and opportunity for learning
  • Respond to learner diversity and needs
  • Develop and maintain a respectful and inclusive environment
  • Instruct, supervise, assess and evaluate the preceptee
  • Provide and receive coaching and constructive feedback
  • Assist in the development of clinical skills
  • Assist in the transitioning of the preceptee from learner to practitioner who are reflective decision makers
  • Assist in the integration of theory with practice and consolidation of knowledge
  • Collaborate with preceptee at all stages of preceptorship

PRECEPTEE

  An active learner who is engaged in learning from a preceptor

  • Collaborate with preceptor at all stages of preceptorship
  • Take initiative, demonstrate motivation to learn and apply best practice principles
  • Be accountable and take responsibility for learning
  • Acquire and develop clinical skills
  • Integrate theory with practice and consolidate knowledge
  • Transition to a reflective decision maker
  • Integrate into the profession and clinical environment

Boys and Puberty

Puberty is the time when you grow from a boy into a young man. Everyone goes through it. It can be exciting, but some people find it tough. Here’s what to expect.

How does my body change?
During puberty, your testicles (testes or ‘balls’) start producing the male hormone testosterone. This hormone triggers changes in your body. Suddenly you grow taller and begin to develop muscles. You will also find physical changes happening to your voice, your body hair and your genitals, and possibly even your breasts.

There are plenty of signs that puberty has started. Every boy is different, but here are some of the most common changes to look out for.

  • You grow taller, and you may become more muscular.
  • Your Adam’s apple (larynx) gets bigger and your voice deepens or begins to ‘break’.
    Your testicles begin to produce sperm.
  • Your body produces more hormones, so you might get erections when you least expect them.
  • Ejaculations can happen while you are asleep. These are called ‘nocturnal emissions’, or ‘wet dreams’. Wet dreams are totally normal.
  • You may get oily skin and hair, and spots (acne) may develop on your face and body.
    You may find you sweat more.
  • Hair will start to grow under your arms and around your penis and testicles. You may also find more hair growing on your legs and arms. Hair will also appear on your chin and upper lip.
  • You may have mood swings and feel emotional, but your feelings will settle down in time.
  • You may notice a swelling or lump under your nipples. This is normal and it will go away after a few months.

Girls and Puberty

What is puberty?
Puberty refers to the specific physical changes that happen as a child develops into an adult. Though they happen in different areas of the body, these changes are all related to each other.

Some of these changes include: bone growth; getting taller; making hormones in the adrenal glands and ovaries; growing pubic hair, underarm hair, and breasts; and the start of regular, monthly menstrual bleeding. Ultitmately puberty causes the girl to become fertile and release eggs regularly.

During puberty, the brain starts to send increasing signals to the ovaries and adrenal glands. In response, the ovaries make the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Adrenal glands make small amounts of the “male” hormones (androgens) that are made in females. These cause the breasts to grow, cause pubic and underarm hair to grow, and start the menstrual periods.

How does my body change?
Your body changes during puberty — you are going from being a child to how you will be when you are an adult.

During puberty, a lot of different things happen.

  • You’ll get taller, and this might happen quite quickly.
  • Your nipples may look swollen and feel tender. This is the start of your breasts growing, and usually happens between the ages of 8 to 13.
  • Your hips, bottom and thighs will probably get bigger and rounder.
  • Inside your body, your ovaries and womb will get larger.
  • Pubic hair will start growing around your vagina and under your arms. You may also find you have more hair on your legs. The hair will start off fine and straight, but become thicker and curlier.
  • Your clitoris will get larger.
  • Your first period, or menstruation, will probably arrive between the ages of 9 and 15 years. Every girl is different.
  • Your vagina will start to produce a small amount of clear or cream-coloured fluid (called vaginal discharge). This fluid, which keeps the walls of the vagina clean, is normal and healthy.
  • You may get oily skin and hair, and spots (acne) may develop on your face and body.
    You may also find you sweat more.
  • You may feel more emotional than usual and find you are sensitive to what others say.

These changes usually take place over about 4 years. By the time you are 16, you will have done most of your physical developing.

FACTS YOU DIDN’T KNOW ABOUT YOUR HYMEN

Surely on more than one occasion, you’ve heard about the supposed relationship between the hymen and a woman’s virginity. But this information is even faker than the love you swore to your ex 😉, since it really is just a myth that has been believed by women for years, and we’ll explain why here.

The first thing you need to know is that the hymen is a thin, elastic membrane located at the entrance of your vagina, which has a small hole that allows for menstrual flow each month and facilitates the placement of tampons, which, like any other part of our body, is different in every woman.

Does having a hymen means I’m a virgin?

Actually… They aren’t related! There are people who believe that if you’re a virgin the hymen is intact, but this is totally FALSE. A woman loses her virginity the moment she has sex with another person, that is when there’s intercourse. The hymen may or may not break during this activity due to its elasticity.

It’s important to know that there are women who are born with the hymen naturally open, or even without one, which is completely normal. There are also many activities that can break the hymen, such as biking, sports, or a hard fall. So you can’t really tell if someone has had sex by the way their hymen is. 

Learn to identify the myths and truths of your hymen with these 6 facts:

1. There are many shapes and sizes: as with the rest of our body, the hymen can vary in shape and size for each woman.

2. Some women don’t have one: there are many women who are born without a hymen but relax, it’s super normal!

3. It doesn’t always cause bleeding when you stretch: some women have hymens that stretch very easily and don’t cause bleeding. In fact, less than half of women experience some type of bleeding during their first sexual intercourse.

4. It isn’t something that can explode: it’s a false myth, the idea comes from the bleeding that some women have after having sex for the first time. The truth is that bleeding can happen when the hymen is stretched, not because it explodes.

5. It may hurt a little when it’s being stretched for the first time: it’s something that doesn’t happen to all women, but if it does, it’s a very small discomfort. 

6. It changes over time: in girls, the hymen is thick and bulky, but over time it becomes thinner and more fragile.

Remember that it’s really important to know our body in order to have better physical and sexual health. Before any strange change, it’s always better to visit your doctor

INTRODUCTION TO LEADERSHIP

                 A. DEFINITION OF LEADERSHIP:

  • It is an action of the leader, the leadership is the activity on influencing the people to co- operate towards some goals which they come to find desirable.
  • It is the use of ones skills to influences other to the best of their abilities.
  • It is process of influencing others.
  • Leadership, a process of influencing group activities towards achieving goals in a given situation.
  • DEFINITION OF THE LEADER:
  • A leader is a person who leads people for achieving goals in a given situation through influencing.
  • TYPES ACCORDING TO STYLE:
    • Autocratic(Authoritative) Style leadership Advantages/ Characteristics:
  • Absolute leadership by the one person (Greek: autokrateia)
  • Autocratic Leadership has unlimited powers
  • Autocratic Leadership is firm, instant and self-assured
  • Autocratic Leadership possesses one-way communication.
  • Autocratic Leadership is disciplined
  • Autocratic Leadership is peaceful and forceful.
  • Autocratic Leadership is a dictatorship
  • Autocratic Leadership is good for quality of work
  • Autocratic Leader is director and dominate personality
  • Autocratic Leadership is favorable to deal in emergency due to the punctuality
  • Autocratic Leadership, people are well informed about their job

Disadvantages:

  • Frustration
  • Lack of moral
  • Conflict develops easily
  • Workers are lazy
  • More concerned with the task rather than right of the workers.
    • Democratic(Participative) Style leadership Advantages/ Characteristics:
  • This leadership is by the people, for the people and of the people
  • Democratic leader, shares their ideas with co-workers
  • Democratic leader, always makes decision before to consult the follower
  • Democratic leader, improves job satisfaction that leads to the mental and social health
  • Democratic leader gets high moral, free discussion, positive motivation and social equality.
  • Democratic leadership is a creative leadership
  • Democratic leadership is a two-way process of communication
  • Democratic leader, gets suggestions and complains
  • Democratic leader, get more quality and quantity of work
  • Democratic leadership is time consuming style leadership
  • Democratic leader, acts as a helper
  • Democratic leadership based on equality.
    • Laissez fairs (Free-rain / Anarchic) style leadership:

Advantages/ Characteristics:

  • This leadership is extreme form of democratic.
  • Free-rain leader, leaves most of his/her work on the members
  • Free-rain leader has no established goal and policies.
  • Free-rain leader, gives authority to the followers
  • Free-rain leader, gets job satisfaction
  • Free-rain leader, gets less work but quality of work is found

Disadvantages:

  • It is non-interference leadership style
  • In this over-expectations are found that leads towards the frustration
  • It is highest form of the freedom
  • Lack of trust is found among the group
  • Leader does not help in decision making
  • Workers are careless
  • Discipline is absent
  • More freedom leads to over-confidence and frequentness
 
  • Multicratic style leadership:

This leadership combines the best point of three (Autocratic, Democratic & Free-rain) traditional style of leadership.

  • Bureaucratic style leadership:
  • A government by the central administration (Oxford)
  • Modifying autocratic style leadership:
  • Modifying auto-cratic type is help between democratic and free-rain style.
  • TYPES ACCORDING TO PERSONAL CHARACTERSTICS:   
  • Trained leadership    (leader is trained for job)
  • Emergent leadership (leader is emerged from the followers)
  • Charismatic leadership (leader possess enthusiasm)
  • THEORIES OF THE LEADERSHIP:
  • THE GREAT MAN THEORY:

According to this theory, there are certain inborn qualities present in an individual as, intelligence, courage, self-control and decision making and theory described as leaders are born not made.

  1. TRAIT THEORY: (Latin; tracus= Tract)

According to this theory, all the human activities like eating, language and culture are sought through learning and experience and also this theory explains that leadership is acquired through learning and experience.

  1. CHRIASTMATIC THEORY:

According to this theory, there is personal quality of leadership that arouses a special loyalty or enthusiasm and emotional commitment among the followers.

  1. SITUATIONAL THEORY:

A person could be a leader in a situation and follower in another situation. This leader depends upon the situation and general intelligence does not seem to be the answer.

  1. CONTIGENCY (Connectively) THEORY:

According to this theory the effectiveness of leader is depending upon in inter-personal relationship of leader and workers.

  1. PATH-GOAL(Expectancy/ Smooth way goal) THEORY:

According to this theory, leaders are effective because of the influence on follower’s motivation; to perform and their satisfaction leadership smooths the path to achieve the goal.

  1. GROUP & EXCHANGE THEORY:

This theory indicates that followers has effect over on the behavior on the leader and leader has effect on the attitudes of the followers, and theory states that leadership is an exchange process between leader and the followers.

  • FACTORS EFFECTING ON LEADERSHIP:   
  • Personal factors:
    • Age
    • Sex
    • Heredity
    • Socio-economic status
    • Cultural back ground
    • Education
    • Experience
  • Environmental factors:
    • Social factor
    • Political factor
    • Expectation of society
    • Social structure
    • Technology
  • FUNCTION OF THE LEADERSHIP:
  • Planning
  • Initializing function
  • Supervising and Controlling
  • Supporting & Motivating
  • Informing
  • Staffing (such as job description, interviewing)
  • Training
  • Processing paper work
  • Disciplining & punishing
  • Socialism
  • Interacting with out-siders
 
  • QUALITIES OF THE LEADERSHIP:

Most of the qualities depend upon the style of the leadership

  • Knowledge & professional skills
    • Educated & trained in his/her job
    • Intelligent
    • Energetic
    • Punctual
    • Interested in his/her profession
    • Physically fit
    • Dutiful
    • Hard worker
    • Efficient
    • Self-confident
    • Good judgment
    • Team spirit
    • Common sense
  • Behavior
  • Honest
  • Active & Cheerful
  • Loyal
  • Social
  • Diplomatic in his/her dealings
  • Respected by the society
  • Kind hearted
  • Humors
  • Dependable
  • Understandable
  • Adaptable to different circumstances
  • Tolerant
  • Enthusiastic in his/her work
  • Self-disciplined and
  • Self-control
  • Communication skills
  • Good listener
  • Effective speaker
  • Soft-spoken words
  • Polite
  • Easy to talk
  • Approachable
  • Skills of working together
  • Facilitator rather than leader
  • Democratic
  • Self-criticism
  • Co-operative
  • Self-centered
  • LEADERSHIP BASIS OF POWER:
  • Reward power
  • Punishment power
  • Information power
  • Expert power
  • Legitimate power
  • Referent power

TYPES OF REWARD:

  1. Natural Reward:
    1. Social: as friendly greeting, feed back performance
    1. Advancement: & facilities: as special assignment smile, early time off duty, office facilities.
  2. Arranged Reward:
    1. Consumable reward: such as; Break tea, free lunch
    1. Manipulatable reward: Such as; Trophies, Watches, Company cars
    1. Visual/ Auditory reward: Such as; speakers allowed in the office
    1. Token reward: Such as; Money, Vacation trip.
  • RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN NURSING AND LEADERSHIP:     

The role of a nurse as a leader is given as under:

  • Leader of the ward
  • Leader of the group
    • Ward sister
      • Matron
      • Tutors
      • Class Representative
  • Leader in the hospital
  • Leader in the society

Founder of the Modern Nursing Miss: Florence Nightingale showed great job in the Crimean war in 1954 through providing sanitary work in the hospital at time she worked as a leader in the society.

  • PRINCIPLES OF THE LEADERSHIP:

As a leader, a leader should know;

  • His profession & specific skills
  • Determine self limitation & try to get self improvement
  • He/She keep his/her staff & look out for their welfare
  • He/She should keep his/her group members well informed.
  • He/ She sets the example for his sub-ordinates
  • He/She ensures that task is being performed is understandable, organized, supervised and accomplished.
  • He/She should trained his/her staff as a team
  • He/She make just and timely decisions
  • He/She should develop a sense of responsibility among the sub-ordinates.
  • He/She should distribute work among the sub-ordinates according to their capabilities.
  • He/She accept responsibility of his/her actions.
  • HOW A  GOOD LEADER TRY TO PREVENT FROM DISPUTE:    

Disputes can be prevented by:

  • Frequent meeting of team members
  • Allowing people to express views openly & letting the whole group decide
  • Sharing agreed objectives
  • Having delegated job description
  • Distribution task fairly
  • Observe the health; worker is prepared for health care.
  • Using principles of the medication
  • Perform procedures properly or not his/her behavior is good or bed.
  • Making a checklist before going to start task.
  • FORMAL & INFORMAL LEADER:

FORMAL LEADER:

Leader is formal when practicised by a designed leader of a group. e.g.: leadership practiced by the Nursing Superident INFORMAL LEADER:

Leadership is informal when practicised by a team member who is not designed as a leader of the group in an official capacity.

e.g.: Nurse of a hospital un-officially chooses one of them as their leader in order to present their problem to administration.

  • POSITIVE & NEGATIVE LEADER:

POSITIVE LEADER:

The leader inspires his/her followers towards constructive activities resulting in progress of the group as well as that of the society.

e.g.: Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah who guided the Muslims if India and through developed unity among them resulted creation of Pakistan.

NEGATIVE LEADER:

In this type of leadership, the leader inspires his/her followers towards destructive activities. e.g.: Hitler was a negative leader who guided his country towards the destruction.