Renal calculi are crystalline of minerals around the organic matrix such as: pus, blood or devitalized tissue. Most stones consist of calcium salts or magnesium-ammonium phosphate; the remainders are cystine or uric acid stones.

Etiology:

1. Metabolic
2. Diet
3. Genetic factor
4. Life style (Sedentary)
5. Actual idiopathic
6. Long term use of antacids, Vita-D, Vita-C

Clinical features:

1. Abdominal pain
2. Nausea
3. Vomiting
4. Colic pain
5. Moist skin
6. Urinary infection
7. Fever
8. Chills

Investigations:

1. KUB X-ray
2. Retrograde pyelography
3. Ultrasound
4. CT scan
5. Cytoscopy
6. Urinanalysis
7. Serum Calcium level
8. Serum Uric acid level

Medical Management:

1. Analgesic
2. Calcium oxalate
3. Antimicrobial agents
4. Surgical Management:
5. Ureterolithotomy
6. Pyelilithotomy
7. Nephrolithotomy

Nursing Management:

1. Increase for hydration
2. Administer of the antimicrobial agents
3. Reduce anxiety
4. High fluid intake at least 3000ml per day.