Definition:
Anemia is defined as the low RBC’s (erythrocytes) counts.
| Normal values: | |
| Male: | 14-16 gm |
| Female | 13-15 gm |
Types of the anemia:
Iron deficiency anemia:
Iron deficiency anemia is defined as iron is insufficient in the body and erythrocytes are not formed and result in iron deficiency anemia occurs. Etiology:
- Mal-absorption
- Decrease in iron diet
- Gastritis
- Intestinal worms
- Excessive menstrual bleeding
- Loss of blood
Megablastic anemia:
Anemia due to the deficiency of Vitamin B-12 and folic acid, which are essential for DNA synthesis due to deficiency of large number of nucleotides immature (cells) magablast. Etiology:
- Deficiency of vitamin B-12
- Deficiency of folic acid
Pernicious anemia:
This is anemia which is caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B-12.
Etiology:
- Deficiency of vitamin B-12
- Insufficient of intrinsic factor
- Mal-absorption of the vitamin B-12
- Intestinal worms
- Mal-nutrition
Hemolytic anemia:
In this anemia, life of erythrocytes (80-120 days) becomes short bone marrow is unable to form adequate amounts of erythrocytes which are destroyed by disease such as: Malarial Parasite.
Anemia due to the Chronic Disease
Some chronic disease such as; tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis cancer they decreases the count of erythrocytes.
Aplastic anemia:
Bone marrow disorder characterized by abnormal depression of cellular elements of blood due to the reduction of erythrocytes.
Sickle cell anemia:
A genetically determined defect of the hemoglobin synthesis characterized by presence of sickle cell anemia
Clinical features
- Pallor of mucus membrane
- Hypotension
- Hypo_volumia
- Cold & bluish extremities
- Hypothermia
- Tachycardia
- Nail cracking
- Brittle nails
- Dimminess of vision
- Headache
- Pale face
- Stomatitis
- Inflammation of tongue
- Drowsiness
- Dysponea
- Giddiness
Treatment:
- Iron sulphate 225mg TDS
- Inj: vitamin B12
- Inj: Cobolmin
- Blood transfusion in severe case
Investigations:
- CBC
- ESR
- Hb%
- Serum for vitamin
- Blood for parasite test
- Urine DR
Nursing Care:
- Advised for sufficient sleep
- Advised for well balanced diet full with iron, vitamins, and proteins
- Carbohydrates and pretentious food encouragement
- Extra warmth should be provided for hypothermia
- Irritant foods, beverages and alcohol should be restricted
- TPR & BP should be recorded
- Mouth care should be provided to prevent from Stomatitis
- Skin care should be given to prevent from bed sore
- Maintains I/O chart
- Maintain oxygen inhalation
- Educate the patient for the hygienic purpose.