Category Archives: Sociology

“Disease for which having sex five times daily is not sufficient.”

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In the UK, relationship charity Relate offers support to people suffering from sex addiction, with two men speaking out about the impact it has had on their lives.

“At his worst, five times a day was not enough.”

Rebecca Baker, a mother of three, said she was diagnosed with the condition in 2014 and her relationship deteriorated.

Due to this habit of theirs, they repeatedly ask their partner to have sex.

“When I woke up, it was the first thing I thought about,” said Rebecca, 37.

It seemed to me that everything reminded me of him. I thought it might be related to my depression. I felt like my whole body was hungry for it.

“It gives me instant gratification, but five minutes later I want it again.”

“I was cornered, I stayed at home because I was embarrassed because I kept thinking about it. Although no one can read my mind, I still feel uneasy.

Rebecca’s addiction took a toll on their relationship. Although his partner enjoyed the attention at first, it gradually became a source of discomfort for him.

At first he was fine but then he couldn’t understand it. After a few months, he began to question why this happens.

He accused me of having an affair. He thought I might be regretting now, so I want to have sex with him.

In 2014, Rebecca decided to take a break from the relationship and moved in with her mother.

“I told my partner before I left that I needed a break. He let me go but the relationship broke up soon after.’

“I was undergoing treatment at the time but my doctor changed my medication several times but didn’t tell me that there are groups that help with this.”

Rebecca was diagnosed with depression in 2012 after having her third child, which worsened after her job change and separation in 2014.

“I changed my lifestyle to overcome depression and my addiction,” he said. Who also worked.

According to the charity Relat, sex addiction is like any sexual act out of control and the World Health Organization is likely to include this condition of ‘sexual behavior disorder’ in the 2019 disease classification list will add.

Unfaithfulness to wife

Graham, whose identity has been changed, said the addiction led him to cheat on his wife and have relationships with dozens of sex workers, which he deeply regrets.

He said, “When you’re addicted, from the time you wake up to the time you go to sleep, you just keep thinking about it.” `

It was a horrible and disgusting experience that there was nothing in the world but sex. When you wake up, you’re in pain. It’s not exactly sexy.

“It is harmful and destructive to life.”

Graham, who is in his 60s, says he spends hundreds of pounds a month on sex workers.

“What started as an affair at work became my daily addiction.”

“You make one relationship and then you want a second and a third.”

‘Soon I realized that the fastest way to satisfy my addiction was to pay for it. I used to go to sex workers three or four times a week.

He says: ‘It’s like getting addicted to alcohol. You start freaking out just thinking about how it’s going to happen. And you act on it according to your plan.’

“But after doing it, you feel regret and say you will never do it again.”

A journey from shame to dignity

Graham decides to end his horrible double life when his wife sees one of his emails and questions him.

He contacted a support group for people suffering from sex addiction.

“When I came to know about this, I thanked God that now something will change. I call it going from shame to dignity.

‘When I would visit them, I would feel a little better that there are others who are in the same trouble as you are.

“For those who are struggling with this problem, I would just like to tell them that there is a way out, you can break the cycle.”

Sex addiction is a growing problem, says ATSAC, an organization that treats sex addiction.

He says the number of people coming to him for help has doubled in the past five years to 170, the majority of whom are men.

In 2013, 21,058 people filled out a questionnaire about sex addiction. According to which 91 percent of the people seeking help were men.

Among them, the largest age group was people aged 26 to 35 with 31 percent, while people under 16 or over 55 years of age accounted for eight percent.

“We provide individualized treatment and engage people in group recovery programs,” says Paula Hall, co-founder of ATSAC.

Peter Saddington, from Relatt, said: “People with addictions know it’s harmful but they can’t stop themselves from doing it. They have to realize they need help to change.” ‘

It would be better if these people go to a doctor and get help. It is not good for their relationships, family, financial situation as well as their mental health.”

 

 

Five primary causes of low sperm count in males and how to prevent them

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Over the past 50 years, men’s sperm count has declined by 51 percent.

This is the most important conclusion in the research conducted by Israel’s Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Mount Sinai School of Medicine in America.

Researchers analyzed the data and found that men had an average of 101 million reproductive cells per millimeter of semen in 1970, but that average has now dropped to 49 million.

As well as quantity, there is evidence that the quality of men has also declined, and reproductive cells have declined over the past decades.

“What was most affected was the sperm’s ability to circulate,” says urologist and andrologist Moker Raphael Radelli, vice president of the Razilian Association of Assisted Reproduction. Without this ability, the reproductive capacity of the sperm decreases.

Sperm count affected over time has concerned health experts.

“It’s really worrying because we’re seeing this process accelerate and we don’t even know where it’s going to end,” says Dr. Eduardo Miranda.

According to the same study, between 1970 and 1990, there was a 1.16% decline in sperm count, which has increased to 2.64% since 2000.

What is alarming is that it has become a global problem and scientists are seeing an increase in this trend across the globe.

However, the question is, what could be the reasons behind this problem? According to experts, there are five possible reasons for this. However, the good news is that there are ways to improve it.

 Obesity

If you are overweight, it can affect the health of your sperm.

Obesity leads to increased growth of adipose tissue, which releases a substance that directly affects the hormone testosterone. It is the most important hormone in sperm production.

According to Miranda, obesity also increases oxidative stress, which affects cells in the body.

“Similarly, an obese person also develops obesity around the penis, which can be very dangerous for spermatozoa,” he says.

The testicles, where reproductive cells are stored, should be kept at a temperature one to two degrees cooler than the rest of the body. This is why the scrotal sac is outside the body in men.

This is the reason that due to the increase in fat, the reproductive capacity of the organs is reduced or may be completely eliminated.

According to the World Health Organization, 39% of men worldwide are overweight. This explains why the sperm count has fallen over the past decades.

 Addiction

Alcohol, cigarettes, vaping ie use of electronic cigarettes, use of marijuana, cocaine and steroids. You know what all these items have in common?

All of these affect sperm count and quality in men.

“Some of these things have a direct effect on these cells, while others have an indirect effect,” says Marand. They can also affect the production of hormones that are important for testicular health.

The biggest example in this regard is the testosterone replacement drugs, gels and injections used by experts, which are usually used during bodybuilding.

According to experts, this market has expanded at an alarming rate over the years. Experts further say that when you inject this hormone into the body for no reason, the body thinks that its production is no longer needed.

This can also cause the testicles to decrease in size and the sperm count to drop. This disorder is called azoospermia.

Sexually transmitted infections

Sexually transmitted diseases that cause inflammation of the epididymis, such as chlamydia and gonorrhea, can also cause damage.

The epididymis is actually attached to the testicles and is where the sperm are stored, so any changes here can affect the sperm.

According to World Health Organization estimates, 129 million new cases of chlamydia and 82 million new cases of gonorrhea occurred in men and women in 2020.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is also involved, says Dr. Radelli.

“It is also said to affect sperm production and even DNA,” he says.

 Habit of sitting with laptop on lap

The testicles, where reproductive cells are stored, should be kept at a temperature one to two degrees cooler than the rest of the body. This is why the scrotal sac is outside the body in men.

According to research published in the last decade, the habit of keeping a laptop on one’s lap can lead to a decrease in sperm count.

Toxic substances

Experts also point to toxins commonly known as endocrine disruptors.

They are found in air pollution as well as in plastics and pesticides.

In short, the structure of these molecules is very similar to the hormones in our body. Just like a key fits into a lock, these substances manage to fit into cell receptors and trigger some unwanted process.

One of the new discoveries in recent research has been linked to reproduction, but research is still ongoing.

“But we don’t know the exact extent of the problem yet, and there’s a lot of research going on to determine that,” Radley says.

Loss of fatherhood

Besides the environmental and lifestyle factors behind low sperm count, there are two internal issues that also contribute to this phenomenon. The first of these is genetic.

An estimated 10 to 30 percent of cases of infertility are related to problems in the male’s DNA.

The second is related to aging and the fact that men’s ability to become fathers increases with age.

“We know that fertility declines throughout life,” he explains. Although the deficiency in men is not as pronounced as in women, there is a reduction in hormones that are important for the production of sperms.

If we consider that the number of sperm has declined by 51% in 50 years and the speed at which this is happening has accelerated in the last two decades, is the trend getting closer and closer to zero?

If this rate of sperm count decline continues at its current rate, by 2050 the reproductive cell concentration will be close to zero. But Miranda believes that is unlikely to happen.

According to Miranda, “The situation is deteriorating, but at some point this process will stop, perhaps with the help of new technologies.”

Methods of rescue

For those who want to have a baby, the first step to increase the chances of success is to make some changes in your lifestyle and thereby eliminate habits that are harmful to the testicles.

Examples include maintaining or losing weight through a balanced diet and regular physical exercise. Abstinence or total abstinence from alcohol, cigarettes and other drugs is also a basic requirement.

If you have recreational sex, it is important to use condoms to prevent other infections, including chlamydia.

People who are vaccinated against HPV at an early age are better protected against the virus and its effects on the body.

If despite all these changes in the routine, the difficulty in conceiving a child persists, a doctor should be consulted immediately.

According to national and international guidelines, the type of treatment will depend on the age of the woman.

“If you’re under 35, couples should try to have a baby for a year,” says Miranda.

“This process should be continued with regular intercourse about three times a week.”

However, if the couple is over 35 years of age, difficulty conceiving beyond six months is a cause for alarm.

“Research needs to involve couples to explore possible causes and identify the best treatments,” Radley says.

If the problem is in men, experts usually recommend vitamin supplements rich in antioxidants that help protect the testicles.

According to Miranda, “Certainly it is possible to correct some diseases with drugs and surgery that are at the root of the problem.”

As a last resort couples may resort to assisted reproductive techniques such as in vitro fertilization.

 

Late! How come certain individuals get laid at every opportunity?

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If you look around you, there is bound to be someone you know who is always late. He will tell you some excuse for coming late, but next time he will be late again.

Are these excuses really false excuses or are people who are always late ‘forced by habit’?

Scientists believe that some degree of procrastination is a human personality trait and that people who procrastinate think differently mentally.

According to a 2014 survey, one in five Americans is late at least once a week, meaning there is one occasion during the week when they don’t get somewhere on time.

Grace Pacey, author of the book ‘Lay!’, says that there are two types of normal people.   One is the timekeeper, the punctual person who is always eager to be on time, and the other is the timebender, who is always behind the times.

She says that people who are time benders (i.e., always behind time) don’t like routine and have a strong dislike for sameness, so they get bored very quickly.

According to them, timebenders can focus on a task if they are interested in it and if they are short on time, their work becomes very effective.

According to Grace Pacey, if you were to spot time-benders in the office, they would be the people whose desks are always cluttered and cluttered because they start one task before finishing it.

So, do you have some of these qualities?

David Robson, author of the book ‘The Expectation Effect’, says that doing everything neatly and on time is an important part of personality. They say you can find out by asking people how much order they like in their lives.

People who are always late may have it a little less, but does it end there or is there more to it?

Grace Pacey says that time benders (procrastinators) perceive time differently and that each minute is not the same length.

Time can go fast or slow for such people, so they may be so engrossed in something that they don’t even notice the passing of time, and it’s also common for them to miss deadlines when they’re close. If you stand on the head, they start working in the best way.

In 2016, researchers at the University of Washington examined how well different people can measure time in their minds.

People were given some tasks along with a clock so they could see how much time had passed.

But these tasks were so demanding that he did not remember to look at the clock.

So the scientists found that some people had a better mental estimate of the passage of time.

Many people never miss a plane or a train, but if they want to drop their kids off from school on time, they can’t do it. why like this?

Grace Pacey says that timebenders are not late for everything, but only where they feel they will not suffer the consequences.

So we procrastinate the most when we are not given a deadline for something and we are not informed of the consequences of not meeting it, such as social gatherings and events.

So if it is said that we arrive on time when it is important, then people around us may be hurt thinking that it is not important that they have to wait.

So Grace Pacey says that the importance of deadlines should be understood and such people should either set deadlines themselves or tell others so that we take it seriously and it is important that there are consequences for not meeting deadlines because otherwise. I don’t follow it.

What can be done?

Our friends are the most confused when we are late and in every group of friends there is one friend who is always late.

If you don’t see someone like that in your group, it might just be you.

Well, if a person is famous (or rather infamous) among their friends for lying, the problem can get worse.

David Robson says that lazy people blame their genes so much that they don’t even feel the need to fix themselves, so our thoughts about ourselves become reality and it’s very annoying. However, we can improve ourselves with a little effort.

But the latest research in psychology tells us that changing habits is not impossible but can be done with some effort.

So can we commit ourselves to time and order?

David Robson says that several studies have shown that when people were asked to set a daily schedule for a few weeks or months and do their work accordingly, for example, setting aside time to tidy their desks., so it was seen that after some time it started to become a habit in people’s minds.

So if you’re a time bender, it’s definitely a part of your personality to some degree, and some people have a better sense of the passage of time mentally, but you don’t necessarily have to accept it as your destiny, but some This problem can also be solved through hard work.

 

Sex during periods/Menstruation

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Is It Safe to Have Sex During Your Period?

  • Benefits
  • Side Effects
  • Tips,

 Can you have sex during your period?

You will have a menstrual cycle once a month during your reproductive years. There’s no need to avoid sexual activity during your period unless you’re very sensitive. Though period sex might be messy, it is completely safe. Having sex while menstruation can also provide certain benefits, such as relief from menstrual cramps.

 

Benefits

There are a few advantages to having sex during your period:

  1. Pain relief from cramping

Menstrual cramps may be relieved by orgasms. Menstrual cramps are caused by your uterus contracting in order to discharge its lining. When you have an orgasm, the muscles in your uterus contract as well. Then they let go. Period cramps should be relieved by this release.

Sex also causes the production of endorphins, which are hormones that make you feel wonderful. Furthermore, sexual activity diverts your attention away from your period discomfort.

  1. Short duration of periods

Sex may cause your periods to be shorter. Muscle spasms during an orgasm force the uterine contents out more quickly. This might lead to shorter durations.

  1. increased sexual desire

Because of hormonal shifts, your libido alters during your menstrual cycle. While many women indicate that their sex desire increases about two weeks before their period, others report feeling more turned on during their period.

  1. Natural lubricant

During your period, you can store the KY. The blood serves as a natural lubricant.

  1. It could help with your headache.

Approximately half of women with migraine headaches have them during their periods. Although most women with menstrual migraines avoid sex during their attacks, many of those who do report that it improves their headaches partially or entirely.

 What are the possible side effects?

The most obvious disadvantage of having sex during your period is the mess. When you have a high flow, blood might go on you, your partner, and the bedding. Aside from making your bed messy, bleeding might make you feel self-conscious. Anxiety over making a mess might detract from the enjoyment of sex.

Another concern about having sex during your period is the possibility of contracting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as HIV or hepatitis. These viruses dwell in blood and can be transmitted by contact with contaminated menstrual blood. Using condoms whenever you have sex reduces your chances of transmitting or contracting a STI.

If you intend to have sex while on your period and are wearing a tampon, you must remove it beforehand. During intercourse, a forgotten tampon can be pushed so far up into your vagina that you’ll need to visit a doctor to have it removed.

 

Can you get pregnant/conceive?

If you aren’t actively attempting to conceive, utilizing protection is a smart idea regardless of where you are in your menstrual cycle. Your chances of becoming pregnant are decreased during your period, but it is still possible.

You are most likely to become pregnant during ovulation, which occurs around 14 days before your period begins. However, each woman’s cycle duration is unique, and your cycle length might alter monthly. If you have a short menstrual cycle, you are more likely to become pregnant during your period.

Consider the fact that sperm may dwell in your body for up to seven days. So, if you have a 22-day cycle and ovulate soon after having your period, you may be releasing an egg while sperm are still in your reproductive tract.

 

Is it necessary to wear/use protection?

Using protection will also protect you against STIs. Because viruses like HIV thrive in menstrual blood, you can not only get a STI during your period, but you can also more readily transmit one to your partner.

Wear a latex condom every time you have sex to lower your chances of becoming pregnant and contracting a STI. If you or your spouse are allergic to latex, there are other options for protection. You can get advice from your pharmacist or doctor.

 

Tips on having sex during your period

Here are a few pointers to make period sex more pleasant and less messy:

Communicate openly and honestly with your spouse. Tell them how you feel about having sex during your period and inquire about their feelings. If either of you is apprehensive, discuss the reasons for your unease.

If you’re wearing a tampon, take it out before you start messing about.

To collect any blood drips, place a dark-colored cloth on the bed. Or, to avoid the mess totally, have sex in the shower or bath.

Keep a damp towel or wet wipes beside the bed for cleanup.

Wear a latex condom with your lover. It will provide protection against pregnancy and STIs.

If your typical sexual position makes you uncomfortable, try something new. Try resting on your side with your spouse behind you, for example.

 Takeaway

Don’t let your period prevent you from having fun. If you do a little planning, sex may be just as delightful on those five or so days as it is the rest of the month. You might be startled to discover that sex is much more stimulating during your period.

Is it Possible to Get Pregnant Without Having Sex? You Might Be Surprised by the Answer

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Women are claiming that this has happened to them; are they telling the truth?

Everyone who has taken a basic sex education class is aware that having unprotected sex carries the risk of becoming pregnant. As a result, it’s difficult to believe that a woman can become pregnant without having penetrative sex. It turns out that it isn’t, and some people online claim that it happened to them.

Sammi Isabel’s story was told in a TikTok video, which quickly went viral. Isabel stated in the video that she became crampy at her prom and discovered her period was a week late. Despite the fact that she was a virgin at the time, she took a pregnancy test—and it came back positive. “And that’s how I have a 5-year-old son,” she captioned the photo.

Isabel insisted in a later TikTok that she wasn’t making up her story. “I just want people to know it’s a possibility,” she explained.

Isabel is far from the first woman to claim something similar happened to her. Wathoni Anyassi revealed on her YouTube channel LoloTalks that she became pregnant as a virgin as well. “I thought, ‘Wow, pregnant.'” ‘How did this happen?’ she recalls thinking in her video.

It’s easy to dismiss these stories as hoaxes. Ob-gyns, on the other hand, swear that these so-called virgin pregnancies do exist.

More women than you might think have gotten pregnant without having sex.

According to a data analysis published in the BMJ in 2013, 45 of the 7,870 women who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health said they had a virgin pregnancy that wasn’t related to reproductive assistance, such as IVF or intrauterine insemination (IUI). The researchers discovered that these reports were more common among women who signed chastity pledges or whose parents didn’t talk to them about sex and birth control much, if at all.

A major caveat, according to the researchers: getting pregnant without having sex is usually difficult to prove. “Even with numerous enhancements and safeguards to optimise reporting accuracy,” they wrote, “researchers may still face challenges in the collection and analysis of self-reported data on potentially sensitive topics.”

However, Lauren Streicher, MD, a clinical obstetrics and gynaecology professor at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine, tells Health that many clinicians have observed this. “Many obstetricians have experiences about delivering someone who claims to be a virgin with an unbroken hymen,” she explains. “There are unquestionably virgin births.”

The use of an intact hymen—a small amount of additional tissue around the vaginal opening—to prove virginity is controversial, because the hymen can rip or stretch over time as a result of wearing tampons, having gynaecological exams, and engaging in strenuous activity. Dr. Streicher believes that if a lady has an intact hymen and claims she’s never had penetrative sex, her virgin pregnancy narrative is more likely.

Other ob-gyns agree that this is a thing. “Indeed, this is feasible,” says Mary Jane Minkin, MD, a clinical professor of obstetrics and gynaecology and reproductive sciences at Yale Medical School.

“The danger of getting pregnant in this method is very low because sperm can only live for a brief time outside of the body,” women’s health expert Jessica Shepherd, M.D., an ob-gyn in Dallas, Texas, tells Health. “However, it is still feasible and has happened in women.”

Okay, but how can you get pregnant if you don’t have sex?

There must be sperm and an egg, among other things, for a pregnancy to develop. Those two are normally associated with penetrative intercourse, but Dr. Shepherd points out that they can also be associated with messing around.

“This can happen when sperm get into the vagina—for example, if the male ejaculates at the vaginal opening, or if a partner’s erect penis comes into contact with the body near the vagina,” she explains. Dr. Minkin believes the initial few drops of seminal fluid (the fluid that carries sperm out of a man’s penis) “have lots of sperm,” adding, “they simply need to make their way up into the vagina and up to the cervix.”

According to Dr. Minkin, virgin pregnancies are more likely to occur in younger people who are more fertile. “Women need to know that this is clearly a genuine issue and that pregnancies may occur without penetration,” Dr. Streicher adds. All you need is sperm at the vaginal opening—they’re terrific swimmers.”

So, what can people do to avoid a virgin pregnancy?

FWIW, this is an uncommon occurrence, so don’t lie awake at night wondering that you’re pregnant if you didn’t go all the way. Having said that, there is enough of a danger of becoming pregnant without having intercourse that you should probably take measures in the future.

If your partner’s penis or semen comes into touch with or goes close to your vagina, even if it doesn’t go inside, “use the same contraception that you would use if you were having penetrative intercourse,” Dr. Streicher says. “It’s really no different.”

Barrier birth-control techniques (such as condoms containing spermicide) can be beneficial, according to Dr. Shepherd. Plan B is also a possibility if you’re not sure how safe you were when you were fooling about, according to her. Dr. Minkin adds that long-acting reversible contraception, such as an IUD or a birth control implant, can assist give protection when you don’t want to worry about birth control.

Again, this isn’t very frequent, and many women have cheated on their boyfriends without becoming pregnant. Even so, it’s crucial to be aware that there is a danger.

Test or Examination for Virginity

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Evidence-Based Guiding Note

What exactly is virginity testing?

The inspection of the female genitalia to determine if the examinee has had or has become accustomed to sexual intercourse is known as ‘virginity testing.’ Some tribes conduct ‘virginity testing’ to determine which women or girls are ‘virgins’ (i.e. have not had sexual intercourse). As part of the sexual assault examination of female rape survivors, some medical practitioners perform ‘virginity testing.’

The two most popular ‘virginity testing’ procedures are visual inspection of the hymen for size or rips and two-finger vaginal insertion. The goal of the latter is to assess the size of the introitus or the laxity of the vaginal wall, as well as the existence of the hymen, which is a thin membrane in the vaginal entrance that some cultures believe remains intact until women have sexual intercourse. However, research suggests that this form of testing may not give reliable findings since the existence and characteristics of the hymen vary from woman to woman and the membrane can rupture or stretch during daily activities other than sexual intercourse.

 

What are the consequences of ‘Virginity Testing’?

‘Virginity testing’ causes physical, physiological and social harm.

Physical harm: In the case of survivors of abuse, ‘virginity exams’ may cause physical injury to the women and girls being evaluated, including worsening existing injuries. Harm may also come from family who, as a result of a perceived ‘failed’ test, may harm or murder the lady or girl in the sake of ‘honour.’ As a result of the ‘virginity testing,’ some women or girls have self-harmed or tried suicide.

Psychological harm: Women and girls who have had ‘virginity tests’ have reported tremendous dread and anxiety before the test, as well as shouting, weeping, and fainting during the exam. Women and girls have also experienced long-term repercussions such as self-hatred, loss of self-esteem, depression, a sense of invasion of privacy, and re-victimization (for survivors of sexual assault).

Social harm: ‘Virginity testing’ is frequently connected with damaging traditional and cultural traditions that subject women and girls to stigma, humiliation, and dishonour in front of their families and communities. Women and girls might face ostracism or even death if they have (or are suspected of having) sexual relations outside of the rules enforced by society, such as before marriage. Furthermore, in certain societies, early marriage is utilised as a type of erroneously understood “protective” strategy to prevent the humiliation and penalties of a girl who had sexual relations before to marriage. As a result, some girls may be married off early in order to prevent any form of sexual activity before to marriage.

 

Medical Relevance: is ‘Virginity Testing’ a Determinant for Vaginal Intercourse?

According to a 2014 WHO article, the intrusive and demeaning “virginity test” or “two-finger test,” which is still employed in some countries to “verify” whether a woman or girl is a virgin, has “no scientific basis.” “The WHO guideline endorses the generally established medical position that ‘virginity tests’ are meaningless” and give no proof of whether a woman or a girl has had sexual intercourse or has been raped.

In reality, some women are born without a hymen, and the membrane can burst or stretch as a result of other activities like as athletics and weight lifting, among others.

The vaginal hymen is part of the vulva, or external genitalia, and is placed 1-2 cm within the vaginal entrance. Its structure is similar to that of the vagina in that it resembles a ruffled wreath and is made up of folds of mucous tissue that can be firmly or loosely folded. The form, size, colour, and flexibility of the hymen vary across women and during a woman’s life, depending on age, stage of sexual development, and hormone levels.

Talking About ‘Virginity Testing’ with Women and Girls

In some of these Syrian communities, young girls and women contact medical institutions and request ‘virginity testing.’ Many physicians find it difficult to deny when this occurs; they believe that if the request comes from the lady or girl herself, it is their obligation to do the test. It is critical to note that regardless of who demands the examination, the medical (in) validity of the test, as well as the human rights consequences, remain unchanged. Furthermore, the grounds for such a request are rooted in power disparities between men and women, as well as gendered cultural norms.

The individual requesting the test is most likely unable to fully exercise her right to freedom of choice, and the pressure placed on her to establish her ‘virginity’ is a violation of her rights in and of itself.

It is also vital that women and girls are targeted with awareness-raising messages in order to empower them and prevent them from feeling compelled to engage in this destructive activity.

Doctors, midwives, nurses, and psychosocial workers who hear these requests should perform the following:

  • Welcome the woman pleasantly, make her feel at ease, and ensure her that everything she says them will be kept private.
  • Determine the cause (why the woman thinks she needs such a test). Listening actively and respectfully to the woman or girl may result in the discovery of an abusive or dangerous scenario that must be handled with according to protocol.
  • Share with the lady the reasons why the test is not scientifically trustworthy, why it is a practise that must be ended, and specifics about its harmful practises (i.e. creating shame and fear to enforce control over women and girls).
  • Do not do the test; instead, assist the woman or girl in identifying alternate solutions (such as referral to case workers and devising safety plans) to the position she is in, ensuring her safety and security at all times.

Because virginity is not a medical condition, a medical examination is not necessary nor beneficial, and it may be both uncomfortable and detrimental.

Helping Women and Girls Who Have Been Subjected to ‘Virginity Testing’

Women and girls who are subjected to ‘virginity testing’ will respond differently to the examination, based on a variety of circumstances such as their age, current coping strategies, and/or social standing. Organizations should explore support interventions on a case-by-case basis and in accordance with the interests of the women or girls. Organizations with continuing case management programmes can guide women and girls who have disclosed having had a “virginity test” through several processes. Medical and emotional care, at a minimum, should be offered to these women and girls, either directly or through referrals to service providers delivering GBV-focused services.

Virginity and Pregnancy

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Content
1 Virginity
2 Definitions
3 Hymen
4 Medico-Legal Aspect of Virginity
5 Pregnancy
6 Medico-Legal Aspect of Pregnancy

VIRGIN:
A virgin is a woman who has not experienced sexual intercourse.
Virgin term is derived from a latin word Virgo or Maiden, which means sexually inexperienced woman ( virgo intacta)

VIRGINITY
Virginity is the state of being Virgin.
Defloration
Latin Term – de:flore, flower and away: Rupture of hymen by sexual intercourse to the plucking of flower.
Defloration means loss of virginity
Marriage
It is a contract between man and woman which implies physical union by coitus.
Divorce
Divorce means dissolution of previously valid marriage
Chastity
It does not imply virginity
Chastity derived from a Latin word’ castitas meaning cleanliness or purity.
Hymenoplasty
It is an operation for repairing ruptured hymen. It will restore to its intact estate.
Hymenorrhaphy
• ‘Hymen’ is a Greek term meaning membrane and ‘Raphe’ means suturing:
• so, suturing of ruptured hymen is Hymenorrhaphy.
Hymenotomy
It is a surgical procedure to correct imperforate or septate Hymen.

CONCEPTS

The question of virginity arises in cases of-

1.Nullity of marriage:
• When either party was under age at the time of marriage
• One party was of unsoundmind or mental defective at the time of marriage
• Either party was already validly married,
• When female was pregnant by another man at the time of marriage or
• where has not been comummuted due to impotence or wilful refusal.

2.Divorce
The ground of the divorce are:
• Adultery,
• Incurable mental illness,
• Husband found guilty of rape,sodomy or bestality,
• Incurable leprosy
• Incurable venereal disease,
• deserted petitioners for two year continuously.
• Not heard for years and
• Divorce by mutual consent on the ground of living separately for one year or more

HYMEN
The Hymen is a fold of mucous membrane about 1mm thick, derived from the posterior vaginal wall, situated at the vaginal outlet.
Types of Hymen :
1.Annular Hymen: The opening is oval and situated near the centre of the membrane
2.Semilunar or Crescentic Hymen: It is commonest type of hymen in which the opening placed anteriorly.
3.Cribriform Hymen: There are several hymenal opening
4.Septate Hymen: Two lateral opening which is separated either partially or completely by a thin strip of tissue.
5.Vertical Hymen: The opening in the hymen is vertical.
6.Infantile Hymen: A small linear opening in the middle of hymen
7.Imperforate Hymen: No Hymenal opening present.
8.Fimbriated Hymen: This type of hymen is also called Frilly Edged Hymen’.

Causes of Rupture of Hymen
1.Act of coitus: Sexual inter course is the commonest cause of rupture of Hymen.
However in some cases Hymen remains intact inspite of Virgin, repeated sexual intercourse, such condition is called False
2.Accident: A fall on a projecting substance.
3.Foreign Body: Sola pith is introduced into vagina for rendering very young girl fit for sexual intercourse is called Aptae Virus.
4.Masturbation: Specially, if practiced with some large foreign body.
5.Surgical Procedure: Artificial maneuvers and gynecological examinations and introduction of instrument for medical examination.
6.SanitaryTampons: Insertion of sanitary tampon
7.Ulceration: Due to diphtheria and other diseases
8.Scratches: Due to irritation of parts the cause is lack of cleanliness.

Medico Legal Aspects
1.The presence of an intact Hymen is not an absolute sign of virginity. With an intact hymen there are true virgin or false virgin.
The principal signs of virginity are an intact Hymen, a normal condition of the fourchette and posterior commissure and a narrow vagina with rugosity of wall.
2. After repeated sexual intercourse, tears are present at 5’o clock and 7o’ clock position. After the birth of child Hymen is completely lost and small round flashy tags are formed called carunculae hymenales or ‘carunculae myrtiformes’.

PREGNANCY
Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more embryo or feotus inside the womb of a female.
The condition of having a developing embryo or feotus in the female occurs when an ovum is fertilized by a spermatozoon; in lay term it is called conception. The fused product of male and female gamete is called zygote. It occurs during reproductive period of female from 15 years to 45 years.
Although pregnancy begins with implantation, the process leading pregnancy occurs earlier as a result of female gamete or oocyte, merging with male gamete or spermatozoon.

Medico Legal Aspects
1.When a woman pleads pregnancy to avoid attendance in the court as a witness – Pregnancy itself is not an excuse, unless in advanced stage of pregnancy to the fact that delivery is imminent.
2.When a female sentenced to death penalty, pleads that she is pregnant to avoid execution. The High court has the to postpone the execution of death until 6 months after delivery or commute it to life imprisonment.
3.When a woman feigns pregnancy after her husband’s death to claim succession to estate.
4.When a woman, who had filed a suit in the court for breach of promise of marriage of seduction claims to be pregnant.
5.When a woman blackmails a man and accuses that she is pregnant by him to compel marriage.
6.In allegations that widow or an unmarried woman or a married woman living separately from her husband, is pregnant.
7.When a woman alleges that she is pregnant in order to secure greater compensation from some person dies through the negligence.
8.In case of divorce, the woman may claim to be pregnant to receive more alimony or maintenance /allowance.

 

 

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

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A) EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

The educational institutions play significant role in the development of a country the moulds the attitude and behaviour of the individual in a certain name in a particular situation.

B) TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

  1. Formal Education.
  2. Informal Education.
  3. General Education.
  4. Technical Education.
  5. Conventional Education.
  6. Person-Centred Education.
  7. Progressive Education.
  8. Conservative Education.
  9. Prejudiced Education.
  10. Liberal Education.
  11. Religious Education.
  12. Secular Education.
  13. Moral Education.
  14. Scientific Education.
  15. Formal Education: In this an individual receives education in class room E.g. Education in School, College etc…
  16. Informal Education: In this an individual receives education from out side the class room. It starts from the time a baby in born and continues as long as he lives.
  17. General Education: In this type a person receives education as a routine. It is divided into following categories.1) Primary School. 2) Middle School. 3) High School. 4) College.
  18. Technical Education: It is given to an individual to train him in specific field.1. School of Nursing.2. Medical College.3. Technical College.
  19. Conventional Education: It is known as traditional education or indoctrination. Indoctrination means forcing a special idea, belief or mode of learning upon individuals and giving them no opportunity to consider any other point of view.It is rigid form of education in which importance is given to indirect way.
  20. Person-Centred Education: In this type the whole person is given importance i.e. the feelings, passion and intellect.
  21. Progressive Education: It is also known as emulative education. It is a competitive type of education in which an individual have freedom to compete. This education shows rapid progress or reform. It is flexible because it welcomes change.
  22. Conservative Education: In this type, values are preserved.
  23. Prejudiced Education: In this, educations are very staunch and are not open-minded to accept new ideas. It may be called an extremist group.
  24. Liberal Education: It is also called democratic education. It is flexible and more open. It is ready to accept new ideas.
  25. Religious Education: It is a belief-oriented education which is compulsory for each and every individual. It stays within the limits of religious beliefs.
  26. Secular Education: It is an education with in sight focusing our reality with no consideration for any religion.
  27. Moral Education: It is also known as ethical education it safeguards the principles of humanity and produces ideal human being.
  28. Scientific Education: It is based on empiricism. In this type, an individual produces a theory and also prove into application.

C) FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

Two types of functions:

  1. Manifest Function.
  2. Latent Function.
  3. MANIFEST FUNCTION:

Some of the important Manifest Functions are as follow:

  1. To provide education
  2. To provide religious instruction and guidance.
  3. To teach discipline.
  4. To regulate morals.
  5. To provide recreation.
  6. To regulate social welfare activities.
  7. LATENT FUNCTION:

They help in bringing social control and orderly life in a society.

D) PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN:

In Pakistan, the basic problem regarding education is that, people don’t have the sense to get good education.
In Pakistan, the most of population about 80% of people live in villages and majority are uneducated. This backwardness creates problems and people find difficult to solve them.
The following are the major problems of educational system:

  1. Inadequate educational system.
  2. Children’s are absent with lots of problems.
  3. Ununiform system of education.
  4. Poor standard of education.
  5. Ineffective education system.
  6. Waste of educational resources.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

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A) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

It is a set of norms relating to production & distinction of goods and services. The economy means the dominant form of economic activity present in a society e.g.

  1. Collecting and hunting economy.
  2. Nomadic –post oral economy.
  3. Settled agricultural economy.
  4. Modern urban industrial economy.

a) CAPITALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economic institution is owned and controlled by individuals.

b) SOCIALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economics institutions is owned and controlled by the state.

B) STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. ECONOMIC SYSTEM: An economic system of every society based on ideology by which control and are of capital goods and services is achieved.
  2. DIVISION OF LABOR: Division of labour has made the economic activities of the individual most efficient, organized and effective.
  3. COMPETITION: The economic structure based on competition provides formal and informal norms for production and distribution of goods and services.
  4. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION: In a society, there are different economic organizations which give different roles and status two its members e.g. trusts partnership etc…
  5. ECHNOLOGY: Technology in every field of economy is introduced all over the world.

C) FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. To regulate and control the capital goods and services in a society.
  2. To satisfy human needs.
  3. They play important role in socialization.
  4. Its play role in social satisfaction.
  5. It provides priority to the individual belonging to a higher economic status.
  6. To provide specialization in process of production and distribution.
  7. To provide power and authority to their owners.
  8. They higher economic status is closely associated with greater political hold in society.

D) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN AGRICULTURE:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Agriculture are as follows:

  1. Agricultural farming.
  2. Chemical fertilizer.
  3. Irrigation system.
  4. Harvesting of crops by labour.
  5. Land tenure system.
  6. Agricultural department.
  7. Agricultural sale depots, flour mills.

E) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN INDUSTRY & TECHNOLOGY:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Industry & Technology are as follows:

  1. Textile industries.
  2. Pharmaceutical industries.
  3. Shoes industries.
  4. Electronic industries.
  5. Mechanical industries.
  6. Transport vehicles industries.
  7. Big shops markets etc…
  8. Banks.

 

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

Posted on by
Reply

A) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

It is a set of norms relating to production & distinction of goods and services. The economy means the dominant form of economic activity present in a society e.g.

  1. Collecting and hunting economy.
  2. Nomadic –post oral economy.
  3. Settled agricultural economy.
  4. Modern urban industrial economy.

a) CAPITALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economic institution is owned and controlled by individuals.

b) SOCIALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economics institutions is owned and controlled by the state.

B) STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. ECONOMIC SYSTEM: An economic system of every society based on ideology by which control and are of capital goods and services is achieved.
  2. DIVISION OF LABOR: Division of labour has made the economic activities of the individual most efficient, organized and effective.
  3. COMPETITION: The economic structure based on competition provides formal and informal norms for production and distribution of goods and services.
  4. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION: In a society, there are different economic organizations which give different roles and status two its members e.g. trusts partnership etc…
  5. ECHNOLOGY: Technology in every field of economy is introduced all over the world.

C) FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. To regulate and control the capital goods and services in a society.
  2. To satisfy human needs.
  3. They play important role in socialization.
  4. Its play role in social satisfaction.
  5. It provides priority to the individual belonging to a higher economic status.
  6. To provide specialization in process of production and distribution.
  7. To provide power and authority to their owners.
  8. They higher economic status is closely associated with greater political hold in society.

D) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN AGRICULTURE:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Agriculture are as follows:

  1. Agricultural farming.
  2. Chemical fertilizer.
  3. Irrigation system.
  4. Harvesting of crops by labour.
  5. Land tenure system.
  6. Agricultural department.
  7. Agricultural sale depots, flour mills.

E) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN INDUSTRY & TECHNOLOGY:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Industry & Technology are as follows:

  1. Textile industries.
  2. Pharmaceutical industries.
  3. Shoes industries.
  4. Electronic industries.
  5. Mechanical industries.
  6. Transport vehicles industries.
  7. Big shops markets etc…
  8. Banks.