Environmental Health Policy BCQs

Posted on August 31, 2024 by Bherulal

The concept of “Health in All Policies” (HiAP) emphasizes:
- (a) The economic benefits of healthcare investments.
- (b) The political aspects of healthcare reform.
- (c) The integration of health considerations into all policymaking across sectors.
- (d) The technological advancements in healthcare delivery.
- (e) The social justice aspects of healthcare access.
Which of the following is NOT a tool or tactic to achieve HiAP?
- (a) Creating cross-sector government structures.
- (b) Integrating health into planning processes.
- (c) Developing health-related grant scoring criteria.
- (d) Privatizing healthcare services.
- (e) Using Health Impact Assessment (HIA).
The primary goal of environmental health policy is to:
- (a) Maximize economic growth at all costs.
- (b) Promote industrial development without restrictions.
- (c) Establish and maintain a healthy and livable environment for all.
- (d) Prioritize human needs over the needs of other species.
- (e) Focus solely on cleaning up existing environmental damage.
The principle of “environmental justice” in environmental health policy emphasizes:
- (a) The fair distribution of environmental benefits to all communities.
- (b) The equal sharing of environmental burdens among all populations.
- (c) The elimination of disparities in environmental health risks and impacts.
- (d) The prioritization of economic development over environmental protection.
- (e) The exclusion of community voices in environmental decision-making.
The concept of “intergenerational equity” in environmental health policy refers to:
- (a) The equal distribution of resources among different age groups.
- (b) The prioritization of the needs of the current generation.
- (c) The responsibility to protect the environment for future generations.
- (d) The disregard for the long-term consequences of environmental actions.
- (e) The focus on short-term economic gains over environmental sustainability.
Which of the following is NOT a component of environmental health?
- (a) Natural environment
- (b) Built environment
- (c) Social environment
- (d) Political environment
- (e) All of the above are components of environmental health
The “polluter pays” principle in environmental policy suggests that:
- (a) The government should bear the cost of environmental cleanup.
- (b) The entities responsible for pollution should bear the cost of its remediation.
- (c) The general public should pay for the environmental damage caused by industries.
- (d) Environmental protection is not a financial responsibility.
- (e) The cost of pollution control should be shared equally among all stakeholders.
Environmental health policies operate at multiple levels, including:
- (a) Global
- (b) National
- (c) State and local
- (d) Nongovernmental
- (e) All of the above
The case of Childhood Lead Poisoning in the late 1960s highlights the importance of:
- (a) Ignoring environmental health threats.
- (b) Relying solely on individual behavior change.
- (c) Implementing strong environmental health policies and regulations.
- (d) Accepting high levels of environmental toxins as inevitable.
- (e) Focusing on treatment rather than prevention.
Which of the following policies is NOT directly related to environmental health?
- (a) Clean Air Act
- (b) Clean Water Act
- (c) Affordable Care Act
- (d) Toxic Substances Control Act
- (e) Food Quality Protection Act
The concept of “health equity” refers to:
- (a) Equal healthcare access for all.
- (b) The absence of health disparities.
- (c) The attainment of the highest level of health for all people, regardless of social or environmental factors.
- (d) The prioritization of healthcare for the wealthy.
- (e) The fair distribution of healthcare resources based on individual contributions.
Which of the following is an example of how housing policy can intersect with environmental health?
- (a) Building energy-efficient homes
- (b) Reducing exposure to lead paint
- (c) Ensuring access to clean water and sanitation
- (d) Promoting healthy indoor air quality
- (e) All of the above
The reading assignment “The Path to Carbon Neutral” focuses on:
- (a) The role of the healthcare sector in climate change mitigation.
- (b) Strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions in healthcare facilities.
- (c) The health impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations.
- (d) The economic benefits of sustainable healthcare practices.
- (e) All of the above
Which of the following is NOT one of the “Three P’s” often considered in environmental health policy?
- (a) Pollution
- (b) Population
- (c) Poverty
- (d) All of the above are considered the “Three P’s”
- (e) None of the above are considered the “Three P’s”
The concept of “precautionary principle” in environmental health policy suggests that:
- (a) Action should be taken only after scientific evidence of harm is conclusive.
- (b) Economic considerations should outweigh environmental concerns.
- (c) Protective measures should be taken even in the face of scientific uncertainty about potential harm.
- (d) The burden of proof lies with those advocating for environmental protection.
- (e) Environmental regulations should be minimized to avoid hindering economic growth.
In the late 1960s, what was the average blood lead level in the US?
- (a) 5 mcg/dl
- (b) 10 mcg/dl
- (c) 15 mcg/dl
- (d) 22 mcg/dl
- (e) 30 mcg/dl
In the late 1960s, large Eastern cities experienced approximately how many lead poisoning deaths per year?
- (a) 1
- (b) 5
- (c) ~10
- (d) 20
- (e) 50
The reading assignment “The Path to Carbon Neutral” was co-authored by which organizations?
- (a) World Health Organization and Greenpeace
- (b) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Environmental Protection Agency
- (c) Kaiser Permanente and Health Care Without Harm
- (d) American Medical Association and American Public Health Association
- (e) United Nations and World Bank
The year the reading assignment “The Path to Carbon Neutral” was published?
- (a) 2018
- (b) 2019
- (c) 2020
- (d) 2021
- (e) 2022
Which of the following blood lead levels was considered toxic in the late 1960s?
- (a) 10 mcg/dl
- (b) 20 mcg/dl
- (c) 30 mcg/dl
- (d) 40 mcg/dl
- (e) Over 60 mcg/dl
Abraham Lincoln’s quote mentioned in the presentation emphasizes:
- (a) The importance of adhering to rigid policies.
- (b) The need for long-term policy planning.
- (c) The value of adaptability and making the best decisions in the moment.
- (d) The irrelevance of personal judgment in policymaking.
- (e) The importance of following expert opinions blindly.
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor affecting health?
- (a) Genes and biology
- (b) Health behaviors
- (c) Political affiliation
- (d) Social environment or social characteristics
- (e) Health services or medical care

Introduction to Biostatistics BCQs

Posted on August 31, 2024 by Bherulal

The primary goal of descriptive statistics is to:

- a) Make inferences about a population based on a sample
- b) Test hypotheses about relationships between variables
- c) Summarize and present data in a meaningful way
- d) Predict future outcomes based on past trends
- e) Determine the cause-and-effect relationship between variables

Which of the following is an example of a continuous variable?

a) Number of hospital admissions in a day
b) Number of children in a family
c) Blood pressure reading
d) Gender (male/female)
e) Type of occupation

The difference between a population and a sample is that:

a) A population is always larger than a sample
b) A sample is always representative of the population
c) A population includes all members of a defined group, while a sample is a subset of that group
d) A population is used for inferential statistics, while a sample is used for descriptive statistics
e) There is no difference between the two

Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency?

a) Mean
b) Median
c) Mode
d) Range
e) All of the above are measures of central tendency

The process of drawing conclusions about a population based on a sample is called:

a) Descriptive statistics
b) Data collection
c) Inferential statistics
d) Sampling
e) Data analysis

Which type of variable allows for ranking or ordering of categories?

a) Nominal
b) Ordinal
c) Interval
d) Ratio
e) Continuous

The collection, organization, summarization, analysis, and interpretation of data is the definition of:

a) Biostatistics
b) Statistics
c) Epidemiology
d) Public Health
e) Data Science

A characteristic that takes on different values in different persons, places, or things is called a

a) Variable
b) Data
c) Statistic
d) Parameter
e) Constant

Which of the following is an example of a qualitative variable?

a) Age
b) Weight
c) Marital status
d) Blood pressure
e) Temperature

A numerical value that describes a population is called:

a) Parameter
b) Statistic
c) Variable
d) Data
e) Constant

A researcher is studying the average BMI of adults in a city. The average BMI calculated from a sample of 1000 adults is:
- a) Parameter
- b) Statistic
- c) Variable
- d) Data
- e) Constant
A public health survey categorizes respondents’ income levels into “low,” “middle,” and “high.” This is an example of a (n) _____ variable.
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
- e) Continuous
In a study on the effects of a new drug, the number of patients who experience side effects is a _____ variable.
- a) Continuous
- b) Discrete
- c) Ordinal
- d) Nominal
- e) Ratio
A researcher wants to study the relationship between smoking and lung cancer. Smoking status (smoker/non-smoker) is a _____ variable.
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
- e) Continuous
The temperature measured in Celsius is an example of a (n) _____ variable.
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
- e) Discrete
You are conducting a survey to gather information about the health behaviors of a community. You collect data on variables such as age, gender, smoking status, exercise frequency, and dietary habits. Which of these variables are categorical, and which are numerical?
- a) Categorical: Age, gender, smoking status, exercise frequency. Numerical: Dietary habits
- b) Categorical: Gender, smoking status, exercise frequency. Numerical: Age, dietary habits
- c) Categorical: Gender, smoking status, exercise frequency. Numerical: Age
- d) Categorical: Smoking status, exercise frequency. Numerical: Age, gender, dietary habits
In a clinical trial, researchers are testing a new medication to lower blood pressure. They measure the blood pressure of participants before and after the treatment. What type of variable is blood pressure in this context?
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
A study is investigating the association between obesity and diabetes. Body Mass Index (BMI) is used to classify individuals as underweight, normal weight, overweight, or obese. What type of variable is BMI in this scenario?
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
A researcher is analyzing data on the number of new COVID-19 cases reported each day in a particular region. What type of variable is the number of new cases?
- a) Continuous
- b) Discrete
- c) Ordinal
- d) Nominal
A study collects the BMI of 100 patients in a clinic. What type of statistics would be used to summarize the average BMI?
- a) Inferential Statistics
- b) Descriptive Statistics
- c) Nominal Statistics
- d) Qualitative Statistics
- e) Continuous Statistics
Which of the following represents a population parameter?
- a) Sample mean of a class
- b) Mean weight of all children in a school
- c) Standard deviation of a sample
- d) Sample median
- e) Confidence interval of a sample
In a survey, 200 adults are asked about their smoking status. What type of variable is smoking status?
- a) Continuous
- b) Discrete
- c) Nominal
- d) Ordinal
- e) Interval
What is the probability of randomly selecting a person who has blood pressure categorized as “high” if 25 out of 100 individuals have high blood pressure?
- a) 0.15
- b) 25
- c) 0.50
- d) 0.75
- e) 1.00
A researcher calculates the average age of a sample of patients. What is this value called?
- a) Population Parameter
- b) Ordinal Data
- c) Sample Statistic
- d) Nominal Data
- e) Continuous Data
If a dataset has a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 5, what is the z-score for a value of 60?
- a) 1.5
- b) 0
- c) 2.5
- d) 3.0
- e) 4.0
What type of data is recorded when measuring the heights of students in a class?
- a) Nominal
- b) Ordinal
- c) Continuous
- d) Discrete
- e) Categorical
In biostatistics, which type of variable is characterized by having whole numbers only?
- a) Continuous
- b) Interval
- c) Discrete
- d) Ratio
- e) Nominal
A health survey classifies weight into categories: underweight, normal, overweight, and obese. What type of variable is this?
- a) Continuous
- b) Ordinal
- c) Discrete
- d) Nominal
- e) Interval
A clinical trial finds that 60 out of 150 patients responded to a new treatment. What is the response rate?
- a) 20%
- b) 30%
- c) 40%
- d) 50%
- e) 60%
In a dataset, if the mode is 20, the median is 25, and the mean is 30, what does this suggest about the distribution?
- a) Symmetric
- b) Positively Skewed
- c) Negatively Skewed
- d) Bimodal
- e) Uniform
Which of the following represents a continuous variable?
- a) Number of children in a family
- b) Number of patients admitted per day
- c) Blood pressure in mmHg
- d) Number of teeth
- e) Number of hospital beds
If a study reports that the mean age of participants is 35 years with a margin of error of ±3 years, what is the confidence interval?
- a) 30-40 years
- b) 32-38 years
- c) 33-37 years
- d) 34-36 years
- e) 31-39 years
What type of measurement scale is used when categorizing a variable as “Male” or “Female”?
- a) Ordinal
- b) Nominal
- c) Interval
- d) Ratio
- e) Continuous
Which of the following best describes inferential statistics?
- a) Summarizing data
- b) Making predictions about a population based on a sample
- c) Measuring central tendency
- d) Displaying data in graphs
- e) Sorting data into categories
Which type of data would be best visualized using a bar chart?
- a) Continuous data
- b) Categorical data
- c) Interval data
- d) Ratio data
- e) Discrete data
In hypothesis testing, what does the p-value represent?
- a) The mean of the sample
- b) The probability of observing the data given that the null hypothesis is true
- c) The standard deviation of the sample
- d) The correlation between variables
- e) The effect size
Which branch of statistics deals with collecting and presenting data without making any conclusions?
- a) Inferential
- b) Descriptive
- c) Predictive
- d) Causal
- e) Analytical
What is the primary purpose of random sampling in research?
- a) To increase the sample size
- b) To reduce the variability
- c) To ensure each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected
- d) To increase the mean
- e) To control confounding variables
Which of the following best describes the concept of a ‘variable’ in biostatistics?
- a) A characteristic that can vary among individuals
- b) A fixed value in a population
- c) A constant number
- d) A single measurement
- e) An outcome of interest
What is the main reason for using a control group in an experiment?
- a) To randomize the study
- b) To compare results against a standard or baseline
- c) To increase sample size
- d) To ensure variability
- e) To establish a hypothesis
Which type of error occurs when a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected?
- a) Type I error
- b) Type II error
- c) Sampling error
- d) Measurement error
- e) Experimental error

Public & Global Health BCQs

Posted on August 14, 2024 by Bherulal

What is the main emphasis of the Paris Agreement?

a) Climate change mitigation

b) Sustainable urbanization

c) Health policy targets

d) Economic growth

How many countries adopted the Paris Agreement in 2015?

a) 183

b) 193

c) 196

d) 210

Which goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) aims to ensure quality education?

a) Goal 4

b) Goal 5

c) Goal 6

d) Goal 7

Which factor contributed to the failure to achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) in Pakistan?

a) Insufficient healthcare expenditure

b) Lack of inter-provincial coordination

c) Weak governance

d) Human resource crises

What was the main objective of the G8 finance ministers’ agreement in 2005?

a) Cancel debt owed by heavily indebted poor countries

b) Improve maternal health

c) Combat diseases like AIDS and malaria

d) Enhance access to education

Which MDG focused on eradicating extreme poverty and hunger?

a) MDG 1

b) MDG 2

c) MDG 3

d) MDG 4

What intervention was implemented during the MDG period to improve birth spacing?

a) LHW

b) EPI

c) BISP

d) MNCH/Child Survival Program

Which commission recognized the link between health, poverty reduction, and economic development?

a) Pearson Commission on International Development

b) WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health

c) United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

d) Kyoto Protocol

What is correct about Pakistan’s vision?

a) Increase its GDP to $1000 billion

b) Increase the GDP to $100 billion

c) Increase the GDP to $10,000 billion

d) Increase the GDP to PKR. 1000

The World population in 2024 will be:

a) 7.1 Billion

b) 8.4 Billion

c) 8 Billion

d) 7.3 Billion

Which conference advocated for the Polluter paying tax in the public interest to do so?

a) Rio Conference

b) Kyoto Principle

c) Paris Agreement

d) WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2001)

How many people in the world are entrenched in extreme poverty?

a) Almost one to two billion people

b) Almost three billion people

c) Almost five billion people

d) Almost four billion people

Extremely poor population mostly reside in:

a) South Africa and India

b) South Africa and South Asia

c) Africa and South Asia

d) America and South Asia

Subsistence farming refers to:

a) Small harvest used by the farmers for their own use or for barter

b) Substantial harvest that makes farmers able to generate cash income

c) Harvest that results in more profit if sold in the market

d) None of the above

Trump withdrew from which agreement?

a) Rio Conference

b) Kyoto Principle

c) Paris Agreement

d) WHO Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (2001)

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Environmental Health Policy BCQs

Introduction to Biostatistics BCQs

Public & Global Health BCQs