Population, Exposure, and Outcome

All participants in a research study are referred to as the study population, regardless of whether they are exposed, treated, experience the desired result, or leave the study early. The suggested research question determines the study’s exposure and results. Any trait that could explain or predict the existence of a research result is referred to as the exposure. The projected feature is referred to as the result.

Whether neonatal hyperbilirubinemia increases the likelihood that children may have linguistic delays in the future is the subject of a research. 100 newborns with neonatal hyperbilirubinemia are identified by researchers, along with a control group of 100 infants. The rates of language delay after three years are then calculated.

  1. What are the study population, exposure, and outcome of this study?
  • study investigates elements that can affect high school students’ usage of the nutritional supplement creatine. 1200 students from 5 metropolitan high schools are interviewed by researchers to learn about their usage of creatine, food preferences, physical activity, and smoking. From the stated dietary information, the researchers extrapolate calorie consumption. The research discovers that among males but not among girls, increased caloric consumption is linked to a higher risk of creatine usage.
  1. What are the study population, exposure, and outcome of this study?
  • A study examines whether surgical experience affects the likelihood of bile leakage during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. An extensive healthcare system’s 800 general surgeons are identified by researchers. They determine the quantity of prior laparoscopic cholecystectomy operations and the quantity of bile leakage for each surgeon using the medical information system. According to the research, surgeons who conduct more laparoscopic cholecystectomies tend to have lower postoperative bile leak rates.
  1. Which of the following exclusion criteria would be least suitable for the study of the laparoscopic cholecystectomy described above?
  • Patients having a history of bile leaks are excluded
  • Patients having a prior history of bile duct disease should be excluded because they run a higher risk of developing a postoperative bile leak.
  • Eliminating doctors whose prior laparoscopic cholecystectomy operations have missing data.
  • The exclusion of surgeons who have only carried out 20 or fewer prior laparoscopic cholecystectomies
  1. Which of the following would promote internal validity of the study of laparo- scopic cholecystectomy described above?
  • assessing the relationship between surgical experience and postoperative mortality
  • including information from additional healthcare organisations from other geographical locations
  • Evaluating the results of further laparoscopic surgical operations
  • Examining medical records to see if postoperative bile leaks that occurred during the research were present.
  1. Which of the following would promote external validity of the study of laparoscopic cholecystectomy described above?
  • Not include individuals with a history of bile leaks
  • Incorporating information from several healthcare organisations worldwide
  • Using person-time data to determine incidence rates of postoperative bile leaks.
  • Examining medical records to see if postoperative bile leaks that occurred during the research were present.