101. Which of the following is NOT concept of measurement theory?
a. Directness of measurement
b. Reliability
c. Feasibility
d. Measurement error

102. If a test measures a single construct then:
a. The items should correlate with the total score
b. The items should not correlate with the total score
c. The test should not correlate with other measures of the same construct
d. There must be a reliable alternative form.

103. An ordinal scale is used to rank order people, objects, or characteristics.
a. True
b. False

104. Which scale is the simplest form of measurement?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio

105. Let’s say that a test accurately indicates participants’ scores on a future criterion (e.g., the PSAT is used to indicate high-school GPA scores). This test would clearly have which of the following?
a. Face validity
b. Concurrent validity
c. Predictive validity
d. Content validity

106. If a baseball coach calculates batting averages, what scale would be used?
a. Interval scale
b. Ratio scale
c. Nominal scale
d. Ordinal scale

107. Most of the outcome/dependent variable characteristics and attributes measured on educational characteristics probably exist at the ______________ level of measurement.
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio

108. Reliability is most simply known as which of the following?
a. Consistency or stability
b. Appropriateness of interpretations on the basis of test scores
c. Ways in which people are the same
d. A rank order of participants on some characteristic

109. An ordinal scale is:
a. The simplest form of measurement
b. A rank-order scale of measurement
c. A scale with equal intervals between adjacent numbers
d. A scale with an absolute zero point
e. A categorical scale

110. Which of the following is not a type of reliability?
a. Test-retest
b. Split-half
c. Content
d. Internal consistency

111. Which is the process of gathering evidence supporting inferences based test scores?
a. Validation
b. Validity
c. Reliability
d. Prediction

112. Which of these is not a method of data collection?
a. Questionnaires
b. Interviews
c. Experiments
d. Observations

113. Which of the following statements accurately describes test-retest reliability?
a. Measure of consistency of test scores over time
b. Measure of consistency of scores obtained from two equivalent halves of same test
c. Measure of consistency with which a test measures a single construct or concept
d. Measure of degree of agreement between two or more scorers, judges, or raters

114. Which of the following types of reliability refers to the consistency of test scores over time?
a. Equivalent forms reliability
b. Split-half reliability
c. Test-retest reliability
d. Inter-scorer reliability

115. Which one most closely refers to a judgment of the extent to which scores from a test can be used to infer, or predict, the examinees’ performance in some activity:
a. Content reliability
b. Face validity
c. Criterion-related validity
d. Inference validity

116. Which of the following is the correct order of Stevens’ four levels of measurement?
a. Ordinal, nominal, ratio, interval
b. Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio
c. Interval, nominal, ordinal, ratio
d. Ratio, interval, nominal, ordinal

117. When evaluating tests and assessments, “reliability” refers to asking ourselves which of the following questions?
a. Does it measure what it is supposed to measure?
b. Are there ways to avoid subjective judgments when measuring something?
c. Does it give consistent results?
d. Does it measure multiple constructs?

118. Which type of reliability refers to the consistency of a group of individuals’ scores on two equivalent forms of a test designed to measure the same characteristic?
a. Split-half
b. Test-retest
c. Split-forms
d. Equivalent forms

119. Which one is refers to how well the particular sample of behaviors used to measure a characteristic reflects the entire domain of behaviors that constitutes that characteristic.
a. Construct validity evidence
b. Criterion-related validity evidence
c. Content validity evidence
d. Face validity evidence

120. Secondary/existing data may include which of the following?
a. Official documents
b. Personal documents
c. Archived research data
d. All of the above

121. Which of the following terms best describes data that were originally collected at an earlier time by a different person for a different purpose?
a. Primary data
b. Secondary data
c. Experimental data
d. Field notes

122. Open-ended questions provide primarily ______ data.
a. Confirmatory data
b. Qualitative data
c. Predictive data
d. None of the above

123. Which of the following types of sampling involves the researcher determining the appropriate sample sizes for the groups identified as important, and then taking convenience samples from those groups?
a. Proportional stratified sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. One-stage cluster sampling
d. Two-stage cluster sampling

124. When each member of a population has an equally likely chance of being selected, this is called:
a. A nonrandom sampling method
b. A quota sample
c. A snowball sample
d. A Random Sample

125. Researchers use both open-ended and closed-ended questions to collect data. Which of the following statements is true?
a. Open-ended questions directly provide quantitative data based on the researcher’s predetermined response categories
b. Closed-ended questions provide quantitative data in the participant’s own words
c. Open-ended questions provide qualitative data in the participant’s own words
d. Closed-ended questions directly provide qualitative data in the participants’ own words

126. Which of the following techniques yields a simple random sample?
a. Choosing volunteers from an introductory psychology class to participate
b. Listing the individuals by ethnic group and choosing a proportion from within each ethnic group at random.
c. Numbering all the elements of a sampling frame and then using a random number table to pick cases from the table.
d. Randomly selecting schools, and then sampling everyone within the school.

127. Which of the following is not true about stratified random sampling?
a. It involves a random selection process from identified subgroups
b. Proportions of groups in the sample must always match their population proportions
c. Disproportional stratified random sampling is especially helpful for getting large enough subgroup samples when subgroup comparisons are to be done
d. Proportional stratified random sampling yields a representative sample

128. Which of the following statements are true?
a. The larger the sample size, the greater the sampling error
b. The more categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed
c. The fewer categories or breakdowns you want to make in your data analysis, the larger the sample needed
d. As sample size decreases, so does the size of the confidence interval

129. Which of the following formulae is used to determine how many people to include in the original sampling?
a. Desired sample size/Desired sample size + 1
b. Proportion likely to respond/desired sample size
c. Proportion likely to respond/population size
d. Desired sample size/Proportion likely to respond

130. Which of the following is not a form of probability sampling?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Purposive sampling
d. Cluster sampling

131. Which of the following is not a form of nonrandom sampling?
a. Snowball sampling
b. Stratified sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling

132. People who are available, volunteer, or can be easily recruited are used in the sampling method called ______.
a. Simple random sampling
b. Cluster sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Convenience sampling

133. Which of the following will give a more “accurate” representation of the population from which a sample has been taken?
a. A large sample based on the convenience sampling technique
b. A small sample based on simple random sampling
c. A large sample based on simple random sampling
d. A small cluster sample

134. Sampling in qualitative research is similar to which type of sampling in quantitative research?
a. Simple random sampling
b. Systematic sampling
c. Quota sampling
d. Purposive sampling

135. Which of the following would generally require the largest sample size?
a. Cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Systematic sampling
d. Proportional stratified sampling

136. In which of the following nonrandom sampling techniques does the researcher ask the research participants to identify other potential research participants?
a. Snowball
b. Convenience
c. Purposive
d. Quota

137. If we took the 500 nursing students attending a school in Karachi, divided them by gender, and then took a random sample of the males and a random sampling of the females, the variable on which we would divide the population is called the _____.
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Stratification variable
d. Sampling variable

138. The type of sampling in which each member of the population selected for the sample is returned to the population before the next member is selected is called _________.
a. Sampling without replacement
b. Sampling with replacement
c. Simple random sampling
d. Systematic sampling

139. Which of the following would usually require the smallest sample size because of its efficiency?
a. One stage cluster sampling
b. Simple random sampling
c. Two stage cluster sampling
d. Quota sampling

140. The process of drawing a sample from a population is known as _________.
a. Sampling
b. Census
c. Survey research
d. None of the above

141. Which of the following sampling methods is the best way to select a group of people for a study if you are interested in making statements about the larger population?
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling
d. Random sampling

142. Which one is a set of elements taken from a larger population according to certain rules?
a. Sample
b. Population
c. Statistic
d. Element

143. Determining the sample interval (represented by k), randomly selecting a number between 1 and k, and including each kth element in your sample are the steps for which form of sampling?
a. Simple Random Sampling
b. Stratified Random Sampling
c. Systematic Sampling
d. Cluster sampling

144. The nonrandom sampling type that involves selecting a convenience sample from a population with a specific set of characteristics for your research study is called _____.
a. Convenience sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Purposive sampling
d. Snowball sampling

145. When an extraneous variable systematically varies with the independent variable and influences the dependent variable, it is called:
a. Another dependent variable
b. A confounding variable
c. A moderating variable
d. An unreliable variable

146. Which type of validity refers to the degree to which you can infer that the relationship between two variables is causal?
a. Internal validity
b. Population validity
c. Ecological validity
d. Statistical conclusion validity

147. An extraneous variable that systematically varies with the independent variable and also influences the dependent variable is known as a _______________.
a. Confounding variable
b. Third variable
c. Second variable
d. Both a and b are correct

148. The use of multiple observers to allow cross-checking of observations to make sure that the investigators agree with what took place is known as
a. Interpretive validity
b. Researcher bias
c. Multiple operationalism
d. Investigator triangulation

149. Which one refers to physical or mental changes that may occur within individuals over time, such as aging, learning, boredom, hunger, and fatigue?
a. Instrumentation
b. History
c. Maturation
d. Testing

150. What type of validity refers to the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized across time?
a. Ecological validity
b. External validity
c. Internal validity
d. Temporal validity

51. Which of the following can best be described as a categorical variable?
a. Age
b. Annual Income
c. Grade Point Average
d. Religion

52. In research, something that does not “vary” is called a ___________.
a. Variable
b. Method
c. Constant
d. control group

53. The strongest evidence for causality comes from which of the following research methods?
a. Experimental
b. Causal-comparative
c. Correlational
d. Ethnography

54. good qualitative problem statement:
a. Defines the independent and dependent variables
b. Conveys a sense of emerging design
c. Specifies a research hypothesis to be tested
d. Specifies the relationship between variables that the researcher expects to find

55. Sometimes a comprehensive review of the literature prior to data collection is not recommended by grounded theorists.
a. True
b. False

56. The research participants are described in detail in which section of the research plan?
a. Introduction
b. Method
c. Data analysis
d. Discussion

57. The statement of purpose in a research study should:
a. Identify the design of the study
b. Identify the intent or objective of the study
c. Specify the type of people to be used in the study
d. Describe the study

58. A qualitative research question:
a. Asks a question about some process, or phenomenon to be explored
b. Is generally an open-ended question
c. both a and b are correct
d. None of the above

59. According to the text, which of the following orders is the recommended in the flowchart of the development of a research idea?
a. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
b. Research topic, research purpose, research problem, research question, hypothesis
c. Research topic, research problem, research purpose, research question, hypothesis
d. Research topic, hypothesis, research problem, research question, research purpose

60. One step that is not included in planning a research study is:
a. Identifying a researchable problem
b. A review of current research
c. Statement of the research question
d. Conducting a meta-analysis of the research
e. Developing a research plan

61. Sources of researchable problems can include:
a. Researchers’ own experiences as educators
b. Practical issues that require solutions
c. Theory and past research
d. All of the above

62. Which of the following is a function of theory?
a. Integrating and summarizing current knowledge
b. Making predictions
c. Explaining phenomena
d. All of the above are important functions of theory

63. A review of the literature prior to formulating research questions allows the researcher to do which of the following?
a. To become familiar with prior research on the phenomenon of interest
b. To identify potential methodological problems in the research area
c. To develop a list of pertinent problems relative to the phenomenon of interest
d. All of the above

64. Computer database searches can be done:
a. With a computer with CD-ROM drive
b. At the library
c. Online
d. All of the above

65. What is the primary approach that is used by the IRB to assess the ethical acceptability of a research study?
a. Utilitarianism
b. Deontology
c. Ethical skepticism
d. Comparativeism

66. The feasibility of a research study should be considered in light of:
a. Cost and time required to conduct the study
b. Skills required of the researcher
c. Potential ethical concerns
d. All of the above

67. A formal statement of the research question or “purpose of research study” generally;
a. Is made prior to the literature review
b. Is made after the literature review
c. Will help guide the research process
d. b and c

68. Research hypotheses are ______.
a. Formulated prior to a review of the literature
b. Statements of predicted relationships between variables
c. Stated such that they can be confirmed or refuted
d. b and c

69. Hypotheses in qualitative research studies usually _____.
a. Are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study
b. Are often generated as the data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed
c. Are never used
d. Are always stated after the research study has been completed

70. A research plan _____.
a. Should be detailed
b. Should be given to others for review and comments
c. Sets out the rationale for a research study
d. All of the above

71. The Method section of the research plan typically specifies EXCEPT;
a. The research participants
b. The results of prior studies that address the phenomena of interest
c. The apparatus, instruments, and materials for the research study
d. The planned research procedures

72. The Introduction section of the research plan
a. Gives an overview of prior relevant studies
b. Contains a statement of the purpose of the study
c. Concludes with a statement of the research questions &, for quantitative research, it includes the research hypothesis
d. All of the above

73. Which of the following is necessary in obtaining informed consent?
a. A description of the statistical analyses that will be carried out
b. A description of the purpose of the research
c. A description of the reliability and validity of test instruments
d. A list of publications that the researcher has had in the last ten years

74. Which of the following need(s) to be obtained when doing research with children?
a. Informed consent from the parent or guardian
b. Assent from the child if he or she is capable
c. Informed consent from the child
d. Both a and b

75. Ideally, the research participant’s identity is not known to the researcher. This is called:
a. Anonymity
b. Confidentiality
c. Deception
d. Desensitizing

76. Which of the following is true about the use of deception in research?
a. It should never be used
b. It can be used anytime
c. If there is deception in a study, the participants may need to be debriefed
d. The use of deception must be outweighed by other benefits of the study
e. Both c and d are true

77. Which of the following is not an ethical guideline for conducting research with humans?
a. Getting informed consent of the participant
b. Telling participants they must continue until the study has been completed
c. Keeping participants’ identity anonymous
d. Telling participants they are free to withdraw at any time

78. ________ means that the participant’s identity, although known to the researcher, is not revealed to anyone outside of the researcher and his or her staff.
a. Anonymity
b. Confidentiality

79. Which of the following is not true?
a. Misrepresenting and creating fraudulent data is dishonest
b. Misrepresenting data is very easy to detect
c. Misrepresenting data can be difficult to detect
d. Breaking confidentiality is not a problem

80. What is it called when the participants are not revealed to any one but researcher and staff?
a. Confidentiality
b. Anonymity
c. Ethics
d. Discretion

81. Research participants must give what before they can participate in a study?
a. Guidelines
b. A commitment
c. Informed consent
d. Private information

82. Identify the term that refers to a post study interview in which all aspects of the study are revealed, reasons for the use of deception are given, and the participants’ questions are answered?
a. Desensitizing
b. Debriefing
c. Dehoaxing
d. Deploying

83. A set of principles to guide and assist researchers in deciding which goals are most important and in reconciling conflicting values when conducting research is called ____.
a. Research ethics
b. Deontological approach
c. Utilitarianism
d. None of the above

84. IRB is an acronym for which of the following?
a. Internal Review Board
b. Institutional Rating Board
c. Institutional Review Board
d. Internal Request Board

85. The act of publishing the same data and results in more than one journal or publication refers to which of the following professional issues:
a. Partial publication
b. Duplicate publication
c. Deception
d. Full publication

86. Which term refers to publishing several articles from the data collected in one large study?
a. Duplicate publication
b. Partial publication
c. Triplicate publication
d. None of these

87. Which of the following is a right of each participant in research?
a. Deception
b. Utilitarianism
c. Freedom to withdraw
d. Participants have no rights

88. The use of statistics to make assumptions concerning some unknown aspect of a population from a sample of that population is known as follow;
a. Inferential Statistics
b. Parameter
c. Descriptive Statistics
d. Sampling

89. Which of the following is not an assumption underlying testing and measurement?
a. Various approaches to measuring aspects of the same thing can be useful
b. Error is rarely present in the measurement process
c. Present-day behavior predicts future behavior
d. Testing and assessment benefit society

90. Systematic error is associated with:
a. Reliability
b. Validity

91. Which of the following generally cannot be done in qualitative studies conducted in the field?
a. Getting informed consent
b. Keeping participants from physical harm
c. Maintaining consent forms
d. Having full anonymity rather than just confidentiality

92. Which of the following is a type of criterion–related validity evidence?
a. Concurrent evidence
b. Predictive evidence
c. Internal consistency
d. Both a and b are correct answers

93. The actual population of study participants selected from a larger population is known as:
a. Target population
b. Accessible population
c. Population
d. Cluster

94. Sampling criteria may be used by Nurse to develop the desired sample. Characteristics those must be present for a subject to be included in the sample is called:
a. Inclusion criteria
b. Exclusion criteria
c. Representativeness
d. Consent

95. Selection of sample in this study is an important step in doing research. A good sample is:
a. One that includes both male and female nurses
b. One that shows a balance in the number of nurses from hospital and school
c. One that is representative of the population from which it was selected
d. One that can be manipulated and controlled

96. A study in which we see the nurse’s level of education is classified in which level of measurement?
a. Nominal-scale
b. Ordinal scale
c. Interval scale
d. Ratio-scale

97. Which one of the following supports “reasoning moves from general to specific situation or conclusion”?
a. Scientific reasoning
b. Deductive reasoning
c. Inductive reasoning
d. None of the above

98. Which one of the following is a type of nonparametric test?
a. t-test
b. Chi-squire
c. z-test
d. f-test

99. Which one of the following is consists of rules for assigning numbers to objects to represent quantities of attributes?
a. Reliability
b. Measurement
c. Measurement error
d. Validity

100. Following are the elements of research critique EXCEPT ONE;
a. Methodological dimensions
b. Practical dimensions
c. Ethical dimensions
d. Interpretive dimensions

1. In terms of reasoning, which of the following research is dialectic & inductive?
a. Outcome research
b. Qualitative research
c. Quantitative research
d. None of the above

2. Which of the following research utilizes statistics to make generalization?
a. Outcome research
b. Qualitative research
c. Quantitative research
d. a and b only

3. Following are the elements of qualitative research except one;
a. Reductionist
b. Holistic
c. Subjective
d. Develop theory

4. The major reason for conducting research is to:
a. Provide nursing care to the clients
b. Promote the growth of nursing profession
c. Document the cost-effectiveness of care
d. Ensure accountability for nursing practice

5. Research Does Not means to;
a. Search again
b. Examine carefully
c. Create problem
d. Method of problem solving

6. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of a nursing research?
a. Development of theories, principles, and generalizations
b. Uses chaotic method of problem-solving
c. Requires full skill of writing report
d. Involves precise observation and accurate description

7. Which of the following type of research also called as a feasibility study or pilot Study?
a. Descriptive
b. Exploratory
c. Correlational
d. Explanatory

8. Which of the following is Not a part of research

a. Diligent study
b. Unsystematic inquiry
c. Refine existing knowledge
d. Validate the knowledge
9. History of nursing research began with Florence Nightingale in;
a. 1858
b. 1850
c. 1852
d. 1855

10. In 1859, Florence initial research activities which looked at the importance of leading environment in;
a. Promoting physical well being
b. Promoting social well being
c. Promoting physical and mental well being
d. All of the above

11. Nursing research priorities are ;
a. To improve nursing as profession
b. To improve patient’s illness
c. To improve patients’ outcome
d. To improve nursing practice

12. First nursing journal “ American Journal of nursing” published in;
a. 1950
b. 1960
c. 1900
d. 1920

13. American Nurses Association (ANA) initiated 5 years study of nursing functions & activities in;
a. 1950
b. 1960
c. 1900
d. 1920

14. Which of the following is Not a type of Qualitative research in nursing?
a. Phenomenological research
b. Grounded theory
c. Cross sectional research
d. Historical research

15. Which of the following is Not type of Quantitative research nursing?
a. Ethnography research
b. Descriptive research
c. Quasi experimental
d. Experimental research

16. Which of the following is focused to examine the end results of care or finding the changes in
Patient’s health status?
a. Experimental research
b. Outcome research
c. Quasi experimental research
d. Cross sectional research

17. What is the basis of the Scientific Method?
a. To test hypotheses in conditions that are conducive to its success
b. To formulate a research problem and disprove the hypothesis
c. To formulate a research problem, test the hypothesis in carefully controlled conditions that challenge the hypothesis.
d. To test hypotheses and if they are disproved, they should be abandoned completely

18. Mrs. S.K is writing her daily observations of a student and writes, without interpretation, that the student is not completing the class work and is constantly speaking out of turn. Which of the following objectives does she appear to be using?
a. Prediction
b. Description
c. Explanation
d. Exploration

19. The development of a solid foundation of reliable knowledge typically is built from which type of research?
a. Basic Research
b. Action Research
c. Evaluation Research
d. Orientation Research

20. Which form of reasoning is the process of drawing a specific conclusion from a set of premises?
a. Rationalism
b. Deductive Reasoning
c. Inductive Reasoning
d. Probabilistic

21. Research that is done to examine the findings of someone else using the “same variables but different people” is which of the following?
a. Exploration
b. Hypothesis
c. Replication
d. Empiricism

22. What are the five key objectives of science?
a. prediction, summary, conclusion, explanation, description
b. influence, prediction, questions, exploration, answers
c. exploration, description, explanation, prediction, influence
d. questions, answers, prediction, explanation, summary

23. ________________ is the idea that knowledge comes from experience.
a. Rationalism
b. Deductive Reasoning
c. Logic
d. Empiricism

24. In which of the following study Children deliberately infected with hepatitis?
a. Jewish C.D Hospital Study
b. Nazi medical experience.
c. Tuskegee Syphilis study
d. Willow brook Study

25. Research never occurred, but data reported is an example of?
a. Anonymity
b. Confidentiality
c. Scientific misconduct
d. Deception

26. Which of the following is NOT source of research problem?
a. Experience
b. Theories
c. Poor knowledge
d. Social issues

27. To obtain the desired data in a study, which of the following types of definition is most essential?
a. Theoretical
b. Conceptual
c. Operational
d. Dictionary

28. A researcher designs an experiment to test how variables interact to influence how well children learn spelling words. In this case, the main purpose of the study was:
a. Explanation
b. Description
c. Influence
d. Prediction

29. Which of the following is/are the characteristic of a good theory or explanation?
a. It is parsimonious
b. It is testable
c. It is general enough to apply to more than one place, situation, or person
d. All of the above

30. Which “scientific method” follows these steps: 1) observation/data, 2) patterns, 3) theory?
a. Inductive
b. Deductive
c. retrospective
d. Top down

31. Which scientific method is a top-down or confirmatory approach?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

32. Which scientific method is a bottom-up or generative approach to research?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

33. Which scientific method focuses on testing hypotheses developed from theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

34. Which scientific method often focuses on generating new hypotheses and theories?
a. Deductive method
b. Inductive method
c. Hypothesis method
d. Pattern method

35. Which of the following statements is true of a theory?
a. it most simply means “explanation”
b. it answers the “how” and “why” questions
c. it can be a well-developed explanatory system
d. all of the above

36. Which type of research provides the strongest evidence about the existence of cause-and-effect relationships?
a. Nonexperimental Research b. Experimental Research

37. Which research paradigm is least concerned about generalizing its findings?
a. Quantitative Research
b. Qualitative Research
c. Mixed Research
d. None of The Above

38. Which of the following best describes quantitative research?
a. the collection of non-numerical data
b. an attempt to confirm the researcher’s hypotheses
c. research that is exploratory
d. research that attempts to generate a new theory

39. A condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories is called ___.
a. A Constant
b. A Variable
c. A Cause-and-Effect Relationship
d. A Descriptive Relationship

40. The outcome that investigator is interested in understanding explaining, or predicting is described as:
a. Situational variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Independent variable
d. Extraneous variable

41. A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is called a(n):
a. categorical variable
b. dependent variable
c. independent variable
d. intervening variable

42. All of the following are common characteristics of experimental research except:
a. It relies primarily on the collection of numerical data
b. It can produce important knowledge about cause and effect
c. It uses the deductive scientific method
d. It rarely is conducted in a controlled setting or environment

43. Qualitative research is often exploratory and has all of the following characteristics except:
a. It is typically used when a great deal is already known about the topic of interest
b. It relies on the collection of non-numerical data such as words and pictures
c. It is used to generate hypotheses and develop theory about phenomena in the world
d. It uses the inductive scientific method

44. The correlation between intelligence test scores and grades is:
a. Positive
b. Negative
c. Perfect
d. They are not correlated

45. It is essential that you evaluate the quality of internet resources because information obtained via the internet ranges from very poor to very good.
a. True
b. False
46. What is the key defining characteristic of experimental research?
a. Extraneous variables are never present
b. Positive correlation usually exists
c. A negative correlation usually exists
d. Manipulation of the independent variable

47. Research that is done to understand an event from the past is known as _____?
a. Experimental Research
b. Historical Research
c. Replication
d. Archival Research

48. ______ research occurs when the researcher manipulates the independent variable.
a. causal-comparative research
b. experimental research
c. ethnography
d. correlational research

49. Which of the following includes examples of quantitative variables?
a. Age, Temperature, Income, Height
b. Grade Point Average, Anxiety Level, Reading Performance
c. Gender, Religion, Ethnic Group
d. Both a and b

50. Which correlation is the strongest?
a. +.10
b. -.95
c. +.90
d. – 1.00 (Rational “either strongest positive or strongest negative”)