Author Archives: Bherulal

EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

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A) EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

The educational institutions play significant role in the development of a country the moulds the attitude and behaviour of the individual in a certain name in a particular situation.

B) TYPES OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

  1. Formal Education.
  2. Informal Education.
  3. General Education.
  4. Technical Education.
  5. Conventional Education.
  6. Person-Centred Education.
  7. Progressive Education.
  8. Conservative Education.
  9. Prejudiced Education.
  10. Liberal Education.
  11. Religious Education.
  12. Secular Education.
  13. Moral Education.
  14. Scientific Education.
  15. Formal Education: In this an individual receives education in class room E.g. Education in School, College etc…
  16. Informal Education: In this an individual receives education from out side the class room. It starts from the time a baby in born and continues as long as he lives.
  17. General Education: In this type a person receives education as a routine. It is divided into following categories.1) Primary School. 2) Middle School. 3) High School. 4) College.
  18. Technical Education: It is given to an individual to train him in specific field.1. School of Nursing.2. Medical College.3. Technical College.
  19. Conventional Education: It is known as traditional education or indoctrination. Indoctrination means forcing a special idea, belief or mode of learning upon individuals and giving them no opportunity to consider any other point of view.It is rigid form of education in which importance is given to indirect way.
  20. Person-Centred Education: In this type the whole person is given importance i.e. the feelings, passion and intellect.
  21. Progressive Education: It is also known as emulative education. It is a competitive type of education in which an individual have freedom to compete. This education shows rapid progress or reform. It is flexible because it welcomes change.
  22. Conservative Education: In this type, values are preserved.
  23. Prejudiced Education: In this, educations are very staunch and are not open-minded to accept new ideas. It may be called an extremist group.
  24. Liberal Education: It is also called democratic education. It is flexible and more open. It is ready to accept new ideas.
  25. Religious Education: It is a belief-oriented education which is compulsory for each and every individual. It stays within the limits of religious beliefs.
  26. Secular Education: It is an education with in sight focusing our reality with no consideration for any religion.
  27. Moral Education: It is also known as ethical education it safeguards the principles of humanity and produces ideal human being.
  28. Scientific Education: It is based on empiricism. In this type, an individual produces a theory and also prove into application.

C) FUNCTIONS OF EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:

Two types of functions:

  1. Manifest Function.
  2. Latent Function.
  3. MANIFEST FUNCTION:

Some of the important Manifest Functions are as follow:

  1. To provide education
  2. To provide religious instruction and guidance.
  3. To teach discipline.
  4. To regulate morals.
  5. To provide recreation.
  6. To regulate social welfare activities.
  7. LATENT FUNCTION:

They help in bringing social control and orderly life in a society.

D) PROBLEMS OF EDUCATION IN PAKISTAN:

In Pakistan, the basic problem regarding education is that, people don’t have the sense to get good education.
In Pakistan, the most of population about 80% of people live in villages and majority are uneducated. This backwardness creates problems and people find difficult to solve them.
The following are the major problems of educational system:

  1. Inadequate educational system.
  2. Children’s are absent with lots of problems.
  3. Ununiform system of education.
  4. Poor standard of education.
  5. Ineffective education system.
  6. Waste of educational resources.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

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A) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

It is a set of norms relating to production & distinction of goods and services. The economy means the dominant form of economic activity present in a society e.g.

  1. Collecting and hunting economy.
  2. Nomadic –post oral economy.
  3. Settled agricultural economy.
  4. Modern urban industrial economy.

a) CAPITALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economic institution is owned and controlled by individuals.

b) SOCIALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economics institutions is owned and controlled by the state.

B) STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. ECONOMIC SYSTEM: An economic system of every society based on ideology by which control and are of capital goods and services is achieved.
  2. DIVISION OF LABOR: Division of labour has made the economic activities of the individual most efficient, organized and effective.
  3. COMPETITION: The economic structure based on competition provides formal and informal norms for production and distribution of goods and services.
  4. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION: In a society, there are different economic organizations which give different roles and status two its members e.g. trusts partnership etc…
  5. ECHNOLOGY: Technology in every field of economy is introduced all over the world.

C) FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. To regulate and control the capital goods and services in a society.
  2. To satisfy human needs.
  3. They play important role in socialization.
  4. Its play role in social satisfaction.
  5. It provides priority to the individual belonging to a higher economic status.
  6. To provide specialization in process of production and distribution.
  7. To provide power and authority to their owners.
  8. They higher economic status is closely associated with greater political hold in society.

D) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN AGRICULTURE:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Agriculture are as follows:

  1. Agricultural farming.
  2. Chemical fertilizer.
  3. Irrigation system.
  4. Harvesting of crops by labour.
  5. Land tenure system.
  6. Agricultural department.
  7. Agricultural sale depots, flour mills.

E) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN INDUSTRY & TECHNOLOGY:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Industry & Technology are as follows:

  1. Textile industries.
  2. Pharmaceutical industries.
  3. Shoes industries.
  4. Electronic industries.
  5. Mechanical industries.
  6. Transport vehicles industries.
  7. Big shops markets etc…
  8. Banks.

 

ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS

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A) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

It is a set of norms relating to production & distinction of goods and services. The economy means the dominant form of economic activity present in a society e.g.

  1. Collecting and hunting economy.
  2. Nomadic –post oral economy.
  3. Settled agricultural economy.
  4. Modern urban industrial economy.

a) CAPITALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economic institution is owned and controlled by individuals.

b) SOCIALISM: It is an economic system in which the property of economics institutions is owned and controlled by the state.

B) STRUCTURE OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. ECONOMIC SYSTEM: An economic system of every society based on ideology by which control and are of capital goods and services is achieved.
  2. DIVISION OF LABOR: Division of labour has made the economic activities of the individual most efficient, organized and effective.
  3. COMPETITION: The economic structure based on competition provides formal and informal norms for production and distribution of goods and services.
  4. ECONOMIC ORGANIZATION: In a society, there are different economic organizations which give different roles and status two its members e.g. trusts partnership etc…
  5. ECHNOLOGY: Technology in every field of economy is introduced all over the world.

C) FUNCTIONS OF ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS:

  1. To regulate and control the capital goods and services in a society.
  2. To satisfy human needs.
  3. They play important role in socialization.
  4. Its play role in social satisfaction.
  5. It provides priority to the individual belonging to a higher economic status.
  6. To provide specialization in process of production and distribution.
  7. To provide power and authority to their owners.
  8. They higher economic status is closely associated with greater political hold in society.

D) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN AGRICULTURE:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Agriculture are as follows:

  1. Agricultural farming.
  2. Chemical fertilizer.
  3. Irrigation system.
  4. Harvesting of crops by labour.
  5. Land tenure system.
  6. Agricultural department.
  7. Agricultural sale depots, flour mills.

E) ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN INDUSTRY & TECHNOLOGY:

Some Important Economic Institutions in Industry & Technology are as follows:

  1. Textile industries.
  2. Pharmaceutical industries.
  3. Shoes industries.
  4. Electronic industries.
  5. Mechanical industries.
  6. Transport vehicles industries.
  7. Big shops markets etc…
  8. Banks.

 

DIVORCE

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A) DIVORCE:

  1. Divorce is a legal dissolution totally or partially of a marriage by a court or any other competent authority.
  2. Separations of husband and wife are called divorce.

B) CAUSES OF DIVORCE:
The following are the causes of divorce:

  1. TRADITIONAL FACTORS ON OUR SOCIETY:
  2. The Impact of Collective Unconscious: The past history of an individual can lead to the divorce.
  3. Male Domination: Male are dominate in our society and this negative attitude has broadened gulf between man and woman.
  4. Control of Marriage Contract: Now in our society a woman can also have right to get divorce on spatial grounds.
  5. Abrupt Changes in Old Traditions: Any Abrupt changes in tradition can lead to the shaking of calm way of life.
  6. INTER-FAMILY FACTORS:
  7. Marriage without Willingness of the Partners: Any marriage without willingness of either partner can lead to misunderstanding between husband and wife and end up in divorce.
  8. Reciprocal Marriage: Marriage arranged on reciprocal women is above the factor of divorce in our society.
  9. Family Feuds: Family feuds can make dissatisfaction among the two leading to divorce.
  10. Interference by In-Laws: Too much interference of in-laws leads to frustration among husband and wife.
  11. SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS:
  12. Economic Insufficiency: Unsound economic condition of the family can lead to separation or divorce.
  13. Job Insecurity: Unemployment or irregular employment may result in financial problem and can be a cause of divorce.
  14. Poor Housing Condition: Failure of the husband to provide responsible home can also lead to divorce.
  15. Lake of Recreation Facilities: Lake of recreation facilities can also lead to divorce.
  16. Changed Economic Role of Woman: Now a day’s women are doing profitable jobs and they are no longer dependent on males. This factor can also be a cause of divorce.
  17. PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS:
  18. Selfish Partner: If any of the partner is self-centered, and do not think of other may lead to divorce doubts and fears ultimately divorce.
  19. Short-Tempered & Emotionally Disturbed Partner: May result in frequent quarrels which may result to divorce.
  20. Narrow-Minded Partner: Any of the partners who are narrow-minded are suspicious which result in breaking of trust and love and result in divorce.
  21. Insincere Partner: Any type of Insincerity and doubt between the two can dissolve their marriage.
  22. Habitual Addiction: Any type of drug addiction can result in divorce.
  23. PERSONALITY DIFFERENCE:
  24. Difference in Education: Any lag in education of either partner may result in divorce.
  25. Emotional in Incompatibility: Temperamental differences or emotional incompatibility may result in divorce.
  26. Difference in Socio-Economic Status: The greater is the difference of status between the families of husband and wife is also the cause of divorce.
  27. Difference in Religious Belief: Any religious deviancies from either side may be result of divorce.

C) EFECTS OF DIVORCE:

  1. Divorced parents ignore their children.
  2. Divorced parent’s children became selfish and develop psychological problems.
  3. The children of divorced parents may develop sense of insecurity and negative thinking leading to disruptive behaviour.
  4. Children develop inferiority complex.
  5. Children may become destructive in nature.

 

CULTURE

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A) CULTURE:

A culture is a sum of total learned behaviour, traits, values, belief, language, laws and technology, characteristics of the member of a particular society.Culture is the cultivated behaviour i.e. the totality of mans learned experience, socially transmitted to one generation to another.Culture is a behaviour acquired through social learning.

B) ELEMENTS OF CULTURE:

The followings are the elements of culture:

  1. Cultural trait.
  2. Cultural complex.
  3. Cultural pattern.
  4. Cultural theme.
  5. Cultural configuration.
  6. Cultural ethos.

1) CULTURAL TRAIT:

It is the simplest unit of the culture and it may be material or non material. Some examples of material culture traits are:

  1. A Nail.
  2. A Handkerchief.
  3. A Safety pin.

Some examples of non-material culture traits are:

  1. Making bed.
  2. Eating with right hand.
  3. Milking a cow.
  4. Driving to the left.
  5. Knowledge of an important drug.

2) CULTURAL COMPLEX:

When two or more cultural traits are organized together is called cultural complex E.g.

  1. Television.
  2. A watch.
  3. A political party as a Muslim league.

3) CULTURAL PATTERN:

When two or more cultural complexes are combined, they form a cultural pattern .E.g. some kind of behaviour is accepted from a person of particular age, category, sex etc…

4) CULTURAL THEME:

The combinations of two or more cultural pattern result in a cultural theme E.g. all human being are equal.

5) CULTURAL CONFIGURATION:

When two or more cultural themes are integrated, the product is known as cultural configuration E.g. Marriage system.

6) CULTURAL ETHOS:

Cultural ethos is the central point of culture. E.g. Pakistan culture is religious.

C) TYPE OF CULTURE:

  1. Material.
  2. Non-material.
  3. Ideal.
  4. Real.
  5. Simple.
  6. Complex.
  7. Organic.
  8. Inorganic.
  9. Super organic.
  10. Sub-culture.
  11. Organization.

1) MATERIAL:

It is the type of culture related to physical objects E.g. Tools, machinery, books etc.

2) NON-MATERIAL:

It is type of culture related to those things which are can not observe E.g. tradition, customs, writing, language etc.

3) IDEAL:

It is presented as a pattern to the people and it is seen or written in books and speeches.

4) REAL:

It is presented by the people in their social life. E.g. cheating and stealing are commonly seen in our society.

5) SIMPLE:

It is based on non industrial social life. E.g., culture in our rural areas.

6) COMPLEX:

In this type education, technology, and industry are in their progressive stage E.g. Western culture.

7) ORGANIC:

It includes the study of biological science E.g. Zoology, Botany.

8 ) INORGANIC:

It includes the study of physical science E.g. Physics, Chemistry etc.

9) SUPER ORGANIC:

It includes the study of social sciences E.g. Sociology.

10) SUB-CULTURAL:

It is a culture of a group of people in society and such people have one or more cultural traits common in their pattern of life. E.g. Sindhi. Punjabi, Blochi, are sub-culture in Pakistan.

11) ORGANIZATION:

It is a common conception shared by the member of an organization.Characteristics in the Organization:

  1. Individual.
  2. Autonomy.
  3. Structure.
  4. Reward.
  5. Consideration.
  6. Conflict.

 

COMMUNITY

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A) Definitions:

  1. It may be defined as a larger group of individual living together from a long time in a locality having common interest goals and way of life.
  2. It is an aggregate of mutually related individual in a given location.
  3. There are two conditions for a group to be a community.
  4. The group of members lives together territory.
  5. They fulfill the needs of there life.

B) Examples of community:

  1. Village.
  2. Chak
  3. Mohallah.
  4. Basti.
  5. Tribe.  

c) Difference Between Community And Society 

SR. NO# COMMUNITY SOCIETY
Smaller group of people. Large group of people
People have close interaction. People have no close interaction
People have sentiments with one another and towards locality. People have no sentiments with one another and towards locality.
There is sense of belonging to one another. There is no feeling of belonging.
Social life people are influenced. By local culture. Social lives of people are influenced by general culture
The number of institution are limited The numbers of institution are unlimited.
Co-operations with one another is more effective. Co-operations with one another are less effective.


There are two type of community:

  1. Rural.
  2. Urban.

d) DIFFERENCE BETWEEN RURAL & URBAN COMMUNITY

SR. NO# RURAL URBAN
1 Number of professions is limited. Number of professions is un-limited.
2 Sparsely populated. Thickly populated.
3 Informal relations. Formal relations.
4 Rate of social mobility is lower. Rate of social mobility is high.
5 Social life is simple. Social life is complex.
6 Economy depends upon agriculture. Economy depends upon different profession and business activities.
7 Means are communications are very slow. Means are communications are very fast.
8 No modern facilities. Modern facilities are present.
9 There is endogamy. Exogamy is present.
10 Culture life is influenced. Culture life is less influenced.
11 Peoples are superstitious. Peoples are less superstitious.

First Aid

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Wound: Abnormal break in skin which permits the escape of blood, and may allow the entrance of germs, causing infection.

Types of Wound:

  1. Incise Wound – Clean cut caused by sharp instrument.
  2. Laceration Wound – Jagged cut or tear caused by sharp irregular edges.
  3. Contusion – Caused by blunt instrument / fall against hard surface. Skin is not broken.
  4. Abrasion – Simple scrapes and scratches usually from a sliding fall.
  5. Puncture Wound – Penetrating wound by sharp, pointed instrument. Can result in serious internal injury.
  6. Stab Wound – Caused by a bladed object.
  7. Gun Shot Wound

Ways to Stop Bleeding:

  1. Direct pressure
  2. Indirect pressure
  3. Elevation

Wound Management:
Slight Bleeding
-Wash your hands and wear a pair of gloves.
– Rinse wound with running water.
– Dab gently to dry.
– Apply direct pressure or elevation if bleeding still occurs.
– Cover wound with sterile swab.
– Clean surrounding area of skin with water and soap.
– When cleaning, wipe away from wound and use each swab only once.
– Avoid wiping away blood clots.
– Pat dry.
– Dress wound with adhesive dressing.

Severe Bleeding
Aim of managing severe bleeding: a) control bleeding b) minimize risk of infection
– Lay casualty down to prevent shock.
– Support injured part.
– Send to hospital.
– Wash hands.

Bandaging:

  1. Triangular bandage (Reef Knot – L over R; R over L)
  2. Broad bandage
  3. Narrow bandage

Slings and Bandaging:

  1. Simple sling
  2. Elevated sling
  3. Scalp bandage
  4. Palm bandage
  5. Fist bandage

Fracture: A break or crack in the bone caused by direct force and indirect force.

Type:

  1. Closed or simple fracture (no wound)
  2. Open or compound fracture (wound is present)
  3. Comminuted (totally crushed)
  4. Green stick injury (In children; mixture of bend and break)
  5. Unstable fracture

Management of Closed Fractures:

  1. Do not move the casualty until you support the injured part.
  2. Steady and support the injured part.
  3. Immobilize the injured part using bandages and slings.
  4. Elevate the injured part.
  5. Treat for shock if possible.
  6. Check circulation every 10 minutes.
  7. Send to hospital.
  8. Do not give him anything to eat or drink.

Management of Open Fractures:

  1. Cover wound with sterile / clean dressing.
  2. Control bleeding.
  3. If wound is jutting, place padding.
  4. Immobilize the injured part.

Dislocation: Displacement of a bone at a joint caused by strong force, wrenching the bone into an abnormal position or violent muscle contraction.

Sprain: Injury to a ligament at or near a joint frequently caused by wrenching movement at joint that tears the surrounding tissue.

Strains: Partial tearing of the muscles at the junction of muscle and tendon that joins it to a bone.

Management of Sprain and Strains (Soft Tissue Injury):

R Rest
I Ice – Reduce swelling
C Compression
E Elevation

If injury is very bad, send the casualty to the hospital.

Cramps: Sudden, involuntary and painful muscle spasm.

Cramp in Foot:

  1. Ask casualty to stand on toes.
  2. Massage foot with fingers.

Cramp in Calve:

  1. Straighten the knee.
  2. Draw the foot firmly and steadily upwards towards the shin.
  3. Massage.

Cramp in Back of Thigh:

  1. Straighten the knee by raising his leg.
  2. Massage the muscles.

Cramp in Front of Thigh:

  1. Bend knee.
  2. Massage muscles slowly.

Signs & Symptoms:

  1. Difficult to move a limb
  2. Pain near the site of injury
  3. Tenderness
  4. Distortion
  5. Swelling
  6. Bruising
  7. Shortening, bending or twisting of the limb
  8. Crepitus (sound) caused by grating of the bone end

Lifting and Moving Casualty

Rules:

  1. Do not move casualty unless absolutely necessary.
  2. Explain to casualty what you are doing.
  3. Never move casualty alone.
  4. Instruct helpers what they are supposed to do.
  5. Protect yourself using the correct techniques.
  6. Ensure casualty’s safety.

Correct Lifting Techniques:

  1. Place feet comfortably apart, one slightly in front of the other.
  2. Keep back straight.
  3. Bend your knees.
  4. Grip with both hands.
  5. Keep weight of person you are lifting as close to you as possible.

Lifting Method:

Casualty is conscious and able to walk:

  1. Use the human crutch

Casualty is conscious but unable to walk:

  1. Pick-a-back
  2. Drag method
  3. 4 handed seat
  4. 3 handed seat
  5. 2 handed seat
  6. Fore & aft
  7. Carry chair

Casualty is unconscious:

  1. Cradle method
  2. Drag method
  3. Fore & aft
  4. Stretcher method

 

Bio-statistics MCQs-Part-III

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61. The sum of the absolute deviation about mean for the values: 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 is always:
a. Not equal to zero
b. 2
c. 10
d. Not possible.

62. The mean of a data is defined as:
a. The sum of the values is multiplied by the numbers of the values
b. The sum of the values divided by the numbers of the values
c. Divide every value by a constant number.
d. The square of values is divided by the numbers of the values.

63. The mean, median and mode the given values: 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, 42, are
a. Mean=42, median=44, mode=46
b. 12
c. The same value
d. 0

64. When we add or subtract any constant values in the original values then, it is known as:
a. Deviation about mean
b. Change of origin.
c. Change of scale.
d. Mean deviation

65. The square root of the mean of the square deviation about mean is known as:
a. The variance
b. Standard deviation
c. Central value.
d. The average value.

66. When p-value is less than α (level of significance) then we: ———–
(a) Reject o H (b) accept o H
(c) None of these (d) Reject A H

67. The probability of any event is defined as the number of the favorable events divided by the number of the sample space. Sample space is defined as:
a. Even number of out comes.
b. Odd number of out comes.
c. All possible out comes of an Experiment.
d. None of all these.

68. A portion of the population selected for study is referred to as:
a. a sample
b. parameter .
c. Hypothesis.
d. Random variable.

69. A major purpose of doing research is to infer, or generalize, from a sample to a larger population this method is known as:
a. Sampling Design
b. Measures of dispersion.
c. Probability.
d. Testing of hypothesis.

70. Some characteristics are not capable of being measured in the sense that height, weight, and age are measured. These characteristics are categorized only, as for example, when an ill person is given a medical diagnosis, or a person is designated as belonging to an ethnic group. These variables are called:
a. Qualitative (categorical) variables
b. Random variable
c. Quantitative variable
d. Not possible.

71. If we have the values x1 = 80, x2 = 90, x3 = 100, x4 = 110, x5 =120.the mean of the data is:
a. 100
b. 0
c. 90
d. 120

72. The variance for the given values is:

xi (xi – )2
84 4
95 121
67 289
92 64
X   =

(a) 0 (b) 64
(c) 10 (d) 218.5

73. The coefficient of variation is a useful measure of relative spread in data and is used frequently in the biologic sciences. It is defined as the standard deviation divided by the mean times 100%. It produces a measure of relative variation-variation that is relative to the size of the mean. The formula is:
(a) Median *Mode
(b) S.d *mean
(c) Mean/ Variance
(d) sd/mean*100

74. The sum of the absolute deviation about mean is always:
a. Positive.
b. Negative
c. Zero and negative both at a time
d. Zero

75. If we add or subtract any constant value in the original data, this process is known as change of origin and similarly if we multiply or divide the original data by any constant then it is known as change of scale. The mean of the original observations is 10, if we add a constant 5 in each observation then mean will be:
a. 0
b. Same as 10
c. 15
d. 5

76. Which of the measures of variability is NOT dependent on the exact values of every measurement?
a. Mean deviation
b. Variance
c. Range
d. Standard deviation

77. The standard deviation divided by the mean of the measurements equals is known as:
a. 
b. The coefficient of variation
c.  2
d. zero

78. Z-test is always used to test the population mean whether population variance is known or unknown when sample size n should be :—————-
a. less than 30
b. equal or greater than 30
c. no condition
d. none of these

79. Using the given information’s

Groups Mean S.D C.V
A 80 12 15
B 120 15 12.5

The group is consistent.
(a) A (b) B
(c) A & B both. (d) Both are not consistent.

80. The mean of the absolute deviation about mean is known as:
a. variance
b. Standard deviation.
c. Mean deviation about mean.
d. Mean.

81. All possible outcomes of an experiment is known as sample space. When a coin is tossed 3 times then total sample space is
a. 0
b. 6
c. 8
d. 10

82. Two events A and B are said to be mutually exclusive events if and only if:
a. Both occur at a time.
b. only one occurs
c. Neither of them occurs
d. none of them

83. The probability of any event is defined as the number of the favorable events divided by the sample space.
a. The sum of the probabilities should be equal to one.
b. The probability of any event lies between -1 and +1.
c. The probability of any event can’t be negative.
d. The probability lies between 0 and 1.

84. 
 


m 1 2
m 1
2f f f
(f f )* h
l is the formula for ———- for grouped data.
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Range
d. Mode

85. The minimum size of a Contingency table is : —————
a. 1×1
b. 2×2
c. 10×10
d. No minimum size

86. t-test is always used to test the population mean whether population variance is known or unknown when sample size n should be :—————-
a. less than 30
b. equal or greater than 30
c. no condition
d. none of these

87. In a contingency table with 4 rows and 6 columns then degree of freedom is
a. 15
b. 24
c. 4
d. 6

88. The critical value for the Chi-square test with 2 degree of freedom at 5% level of significance is;
a. 2
b. 5.991
c. 0
d. -2.4

89. The ANOVA method is used to test the equality of more then two population means at a time the test statistic is used in this method is known as:———–
a. t-test
b. chi-square test
c. F-test
d. z-test

90. In testing of hypothesis in order to test the equality of more than two population means at a time the ——————– method is used.
a. Analysis of variance
b. student t-test
c. Chi-square test
d. none of these

91. Random Sampling or Probability sampling includes all the following techniques, except:
a. Simple random sampling
b. Stratified random Sampling
c. Cluster sampling
d. Purposive Sampling

92. Gender, age-class, religion, type of disease, and blood group are measured on;
a. Nominal Scale
b. Ordinal Scale
c. Interval Scale
d. Ratio Scale

93. Which scale of measurement has an absolute zero?
a. Nominal
b. Ordinal
c. Interval
d. Ratio

94. The variable which is influenced by the intervention of the researcher is called:
a. Independent
b. Dependent
c. Discrete
d. Extraneous

95. The statistical approach which helps the investigator to decide whether the outcome of the study is a result of factors planned within design of the study or determined by chance is called:
a. Descriptive statistics
b. Inferential statistics
c. Normal distribution
d. Standard deviation

96. Which of the following methods is a form of graphical presentation of data?
a. Line Diagram
b. Pie diagram
c. Bar diagram
d. Histogram

97. All the following are measures of central tendency, except:
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Variance

98. A measure of central tendency influenced by extreme scores & skewed distributions is;
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. Range

99. A measure of central tendency in which is calculated by number arranging in numerical order is:
a. Standard deviation
b. Range
c. Median
d. Mode

100. The proportion of observations fall above the median is:
a. 68%
b. 50%
c. 75%
d. 95%

101. The indices used to measure variation or dispersion among scores are all, except:
a. Range
b. Variance
c. Standard deviation
d. Mean

102. A measure of dispersion of a set of observations in which it is calculated by the difference between the highest and lowest values produced is called:
a. Standard deviation
b. Variance
c. Range
d. Mode

103. A statistic which describes the interval of scores bounded by the 25th and 75th percentile ranks is:
a. Inter-quartile range
b. Confidence Interval
c. Standard deviation
d. Variance

104. The Median value is the:
a. 25th percentile
b. 50th percentile
c. 75th percentile
d. 95th percentile

105. Large standard deviations suggest that:
a. Scores are probably widely scattered.
b. There is very little deference among scores.
c. mean, median and mode are the same
d. The scores not normally distributed.

106. The formula given below is computational formula for:
a. Variance
b. Mean
c. Standard deviation
d. t-statistic

107. The squire of the standard deviation is the:
a. Variance.
b. Standard error
c. Z-score
d. Variance

108. Which is NOT a characteristic of normal distribution?
a. Symmetric
b. Bell-shaped
c. Mean = median = mode
d. Negative skewness

109. Skewness is a measure:
a. of the asymmetry of the probability distribution
b. which decides whether the distribution may have high or low variance
c. of central tendency
d. None of the above

110. The listed observations- 1,2,3,4,100, suggest the distribution:
a. is positively skewed
b. is negatively skewed
c. has zero skewness
d. is left-skewed

111. Which statement about normal distribution is FALSE:
a. 50 percent of the observations fall within one standard deviation sigma of the mean.
b. 68 percent of the observations fall within one standard deviation sigma of the mean.
c. 95 percent of observation falls within 2 standard deviations.
d. 99.7 percent of observations fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.

112. A measure used to standardize the central tendency away from the mean across different samples is:
a. skewness
b. Range
c. Z-score
d. mode

113. Probability values fall on scale between:
a. -1 to +1
b. 0 and 1.
c. -3 to + 3
d. 0.05 to 0.01

114. Standard error is calculated by:
a. Dividing standard deviation by the square root of the sample size.
b. Dividing number of nominated outcome by number of possible outcome.
c. Adding all the numbers and then dividing by the numbers of observations.
d. Arranging the numbers in numerical order, then taking the middle one.

115. 95% confidence interval refers to:
a. A. considering 1 out of 20 chances are taken to be wrong.
b. B. considering 1 out of 100 chances are taken as wrong.
c. C. considering 95 out of 100 chances are taken as wrong.
d. D. considering 5 out of 20 chances are taken as wrong.

116. The given formula is used to calculate: (O= Observed frequency, E= Expected frequency)
a. t-test
b. chi-squire statistic
c. correlation coefficient
d. Standard deviation

117. A contingency table (2×2) is used to calculate:
a. t-statistic
b. correlation coefficient
c. variance
d. chi-squire statistic

118. Correlation coefficient ranges from:
a. 0.01 to 0.05
b. 0 to 1
c. -1 to +1
d. -3 to +3

119. A type of graphical presentation data used to explain correlation between dependent and independent variable is:
a. Histogram
b. Frequency polygon
c. Frequency curve
d. Scatter plot

120. When explaining the direction of the linear association between two numerical paired variables, a positive correlation is stated when:
a. One variable increases and the other variable decreases or vice versa.
b. dependent variable increases and independent variable decreases
c. Both variables increase and decrease at the same time.
d. Correlation coefficient is stated close to 0.

Bio-statistics MCQs-Part-I

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M.C.Q’s of Bio-statistics

1. The mean of the data a, a, a, a will be
a. Zero
b. a
c. 2
d. none of the above

2. The mean of the square deviation about mean is known as;
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Variance
d. Standard deviation

3. If sum of 20 values is 300 then mean of the data is;
a. 15
b. 20
c. 30
d. 300

4. If we add or subtract any value in the original any value in the original data then this process is known as;
a. Change of scale
b. Change of origin
c. Both a and b
d. None of the above

5. The mean of the 10 values is 20, if we add a value 10 in each observation then mean for the new value will be ;
a. 20
b. 0
c. 30
d. 10
6. When two coins are tossed together then probability of getting no tail is;
a. 0
b. ½
c. ¼
d. 1

7. The mean value or central value or average value of a data are;
a. All same value
b. All different value
c. None of these
d. Always negative

8. When “n” is an odd number then median is defined as;
a. Middle value
b. Median of two middle values
c. Sum of the values
d. Most repeated value

9. For a group data the class interval having maximum frequency is known as
a. Median class
b. Mode
c. Median
d. Model class

10. The sum of the deviation about mean for the data 6, 8, 10, 2, and 4 is always;
a. 1
b. 0
c. Negative
d. 30

11. If the calculated value of chi-squire lies in the region of acceptance, then we;
a. Accept Ho
b. Reject Ho
c. No conclusion
d. None of the above

12. Chi-square test is always used to test;
a. Population mean
b. Population median
c. Test of association
d. None of these

13. Pulse rate or weight of patient are known as;
a. Nominal data
b. Continuous data
c. Discrete data
d. Random variable

14. Classification of objects or persons into classes or groups in such a way that only one object or person falls in only one group at a time is called as;
a. Mutually exclusive
b. None Mutually exclusive
c. Dependent
d. Independent

15. In testing hypothesis we use different level of significance to test Ho , in most situations level of significance is not given then we have to use;
a. 1 %
b. 2 %
c. 5%
d. 10%

16. If we want to compare two or more groups then we use coefficient of variation (C.V), the group which has maximum C.V is known as the more;
a. Consistent
b. Not consistent
c. None of the above
d. It is not possible

17. When we make a 95% confidence interval for the population mean using t or z test then probability or chance of error will be;
a. 0.05
b. 0.1
c. 1
d. 5

18. A variable which has some chance or probability of its occurrence is known as;
a. Simple variable
b. Qualitative variable
c. Quantitative variable
d. Random variable

19. The sample mean x is known as the point estimator of the population;
a. Median
b. Mode
c. Variance
d. Mean μ

20. In all research analysis it is not possible to study whole population, we always estimate population parameters on the basis of;
a. Population information
b. Sample information
c. We could not estimate parameters
d. Estimation of samples

21. Sampling is the process of drawing samples from the population, when the chance or probability of each member of the population is equal than such sampling design known as;
a. Simple random sampling
b. Not random sampling
c. Judgment sampling
d. None of these

22. Estimation is the process of estimating parameters on the basis of;
a. Parameters
b. Statistics
c. A and B
d. None of the above

23. If random sample size 4 taken from a population whose variance is 16. When sampling is done with replacement than variance of the sample mean is;
a. 2
b. 16
c. 4
d. 48

24. When the size of samples is increasing then variance of sample means is also;
a. Increases
b. Decreases
c. Constant
d. None of the above

25. When two dice and a single coin are tossed together then total sample spaces will be;
a. 36
b. 14
c. 24
d. 72 (Rational 6*6*2=72)
26. Student t-test is used to test population mean when population variance is always unknown and the sample size is;
a. Less than 30
b. More than 30
c. Any size
d. None of them

27. The minimum d.f for the Chi-square test of independence or association is always;
a. 0
b. 1
c. 2
d. N-1

28. If Chi-square test’s calculated value is less than critical value then o H is always be;
a. Accepted and rejected both
b. Accepted
c. Rejected
d. None of these

29. P-value is the probability of the calculated value, if p-value is zero then we reject the o H after comparing with;
a. Level of significance
b. Critical value
c. d.f
d. sample size

30. squire root of the mean of squire deviation is known as;
a. variance
b. median
c. SD
d. Mean

31. A type of qualitative data where zero is not fixed (arbitrary) termed as;
a. Discrete
b. Continuous
c. Ratio
d. Interval

32. A subset of all the measurement of interest is;
a. Sample
b. Population
c. Sample unit
d. None of these

33. All of the following are an example of qualitative data except;
a. Sex
b. Age
c. Educational level
d. Socioeconomic status

34. All of the following are an example of quantitative data except;
a. Gender
b. Height
c. Weight
d. Temperature

35. Mean is the measure of central tendency can be calculated for all of the following except;
a. Age
b. Weight
c. Systolic BP
d. Marital status

36. Which one is formula for empirical rule
a. μ± 1SD = 60%
b. μ± 1SD = 65%
c. μ± 1SD = 68%
d. μ± 1SD = 70%

37. Following all are true for mean EXCEPT;
a. Applicable for continuous data
b. Not applicable for qualitative data
c. Do not affect by extraneous values
d. Affected by each value in data set

38. Fourth step of hypothesis testing is;
a. Level of significance
b. Test statistic
c. Rejection region
d. None of these

39. The most frequent occurring observation is
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. SD

40. When the distribution of data is skewed, one should ideally use;
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
d. None of these

41. Sample SD is denoted by;
a. S
b. S2
c.
d.

42. Z-core is calculated for;
a. Chi-quire distribution
b. Standard normal distribution
c. T-distribution
d. Normal distribution

43. A hospital claims, its ambulance response time is less than 10 minutes, it can be written as;
a. o H >10 min, A H ≤ 10 min
b. o H ≤10 min, A H > 10 min
c. o H ≠10 min, A H = 10 min
d. o H – 10 min, A H / 10 min

44. Chi-quire test of significance is used when;
a. Data is continuous
b. Data is categorical
c. Data is discrete
d. None of these

45. In normal distribution curve, mean of the data lie on the
a. Right end
b. Centre
c. Left end
d. None of these

46. Parameters of standard normal distribution are;
a. Mean
b. SD
c. Range
d. Both a and b

47. Which one the following is true for standard normal distribution;
a. Mean = 0
b. Mean = 50
c. Mean = 100
d. Mean = 0.5

48. When mean, median, and mode lie in the centre of the curve, the distribution is known as;
a. Right skewed
b. Left skewed
c. Chi-squire
d. Normal

49. In 95% confidence interval, the level of significance (α) is;
a. 0.01
b. 0.05
c. 0.1
d. None of these

50. All of the following are true for student t-test except;
a. Sample size 30
b.  = unknown
c. Approximate Z when N>30
d. Use for qualitative data

51. Which one the formula is used for df in chi-squire distribution;
a. (row)(column)
b. (row-column)
c. (row-1)(column-1)
d. (row-1)(column)

52. All of the following are true for measure of dispersion except;
a. Mean
b. Range
c. Inter-quartile range
d. Variance

53. What is the relationship between SD and variance;
a. Variance = SD
b. Variance = SD/n
c. Variance = (SD)2
d. None of these

54. First step in calculating median is;
a. Calculate range
b. Arrange data
c. Count the data
d. None of these

55. What is true for descriptive statistics;
a. Organization & displaying of data
b. Drawing inferences for population
c. Hypothesis testing
d. Calculation p-value

56. The area under normal distribution curve is;
a. 1
b. 0.5
c. 0
d. None of these

57. Negative z-score shows that;
a. Observation is below to mean
b. Observation is above to mean
c. Observation is equal to mean
d. None of these

Bio-statistics MCQs- Part-II

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SCENARIO (for 58 to 60)

A survey was conducted by graduate students to investigate the current situation of student in Pakistan. Some of the variable was Gender, Level of Education, Ethnicity, Place of domicile, Age, Marital status & employee status. Following questions (58- 60) are related this scenario;

58. Appropriate graph to display marital status (Married, Unmarried, Divorced, widow) is;
a. Frequency polygon
b. Scatter plot
c. Pie chart
d. Histogram

59. Level of education is;
a. Nominal data
b. Ordinal data
c. Discrete data
d. None of these

60. The best way to display Age data is to draw;
a. Histogram
b. Bar chart
c. Both a & b
d. None of these