1. DEFINITION OF MORAL:
   1. Moral is the psychological phenomenon closely related to leadership and group functioning.
   1. Moral can be judge directly
   1. Moral is composite of feelings, attitudes & sentiments that contributes general feelings of satisfaction
   1. Moral is involved in every thing that makes a job satisfying.
2. TYPES OF THE MORAL:
3. High Moral: Moral is high when the people are fully satisfied.
4. Low Moral: Moral is low when the people are not satisfied with their job.
5. MEASUREMENT OF THE MORAL:
6. Moral Survey: They are conducted through the questionnaires.
7. Some Moral indicators: Such as: Absenteeism, Quality record, Medical Record.
8. FACTORS AFFECTING ON MORAL:
9. Personal factors: Such as: structure of organs, Goal of organ, Nature of work, Compensation.
10. Organizational factors: such as intelligence, Physical health, Social
11. WAY OF BUILDING MORAL:
    1. Appropriate Style of leadership:
    1. Participation in decision making
    1. Avoid monotony of work
    1. Working with informal leader
    1. Working condition
    1. Opportunities

A. DEFINITION OF JOB DESCRIPTION:

It is a pleasurable emotional state or response to a job/ situation which can not be seen but can be felt, which is determined by degree of achievement and expectations.

• FACTORS DETERMINING JOB SATISFACTION:    
  • Personal factors
  • Work
  • Working condition
  • Working group
  • Supervision
• WAY OF MEASURING JOB SATISFACTION:
  • Rating scale
  • Critical incident
  • Interview
  • Action tendencies
• HOE TO IMPROVE JOB SATISFACTION:
  • By paying handsome salary
  • By providing job security
  • Providing opportunities for learning purpose
  • Trying to increase the responsibility of the workers in the job
  • Supervision should be democratic
  • Perception of satisfied worker can be change by furnishing the correct information.

A. DEFINITION OF JOB DESCRIPTION:

• Job description explains work things to do job individual or way to distribute task among workers.
• Job description help to prevent arguments between the workers and authority leader.

B. CONTENTS OF THE JOB DESCRIPTION:

• Job title: Such as Nurse, Midwife and Tutor
• Date of stating job:
• Job summary: Main responsibility
• Duties: Workers has to perform
• Relation: Job holders
• Qualification: Required job, or training.

Review and appraisal: Statement should state clearly that who has this responsibility.

A. DEFINITION OF ORGANISATION:

Organization is a process, in which leader arranges/ distributes the task work fairly among the people/ members so that all workers carry equal work load and can use their special skills and talents.

B.  PRINCIPLES OF ORGANISATION:      

• Definition
• Objectives
• Command
• Responsibility
• Authority
• Span of control
• Balance

C. ORGANISATIONAL CHART:

• President
• Prime Minister
• Governor
• Chief Minister
• Chief Secretary
• Secretary Health
• Director General
• Divisional Director
• Principal, Vice-Principal
• Nursing Tutor
• Nursing Student

A. DEFINITION OF SUPERVISION:

• Supervision is a process of ensuring that staff performs their duties effectively.
• Supervision is a process by which the performance of the workers is improved in order to achieve the goals by the objectives of programmed.
• DEFINITION OF SUPERVISOR:

A person who does the work of supervision.

• TYPES OF SUPERVISION:
  • Autocratic Style
  • Democratic Style
  • Laissez fair (Anarchic) Style
• METHOD OF CONTROL ON SUPERVISION:
• Instructions
• Using work schedule
• Visits by supervisor

A. DEFINITION OF THINKING:

• Stimulation of brain for anything is called Thinking.
• To use the mind in active way to form new connected ideas.
• MODES/ FORMS OF THINKING:

Deliberate thinking takes three basic forms:

1. Analyzing: A Greek word “analus = resolution into simple parts”. Means tracing of things to their sources and the discovery of general principles underlying specific phenomenon.
   1. Synthesizing: A Greek word “sunthesis = result of building up separate elements”. Or putting together of parts so as to make up a complex whole. All synthesis process are creative.
   1. Valuing/ Evaluation: A French word “evaluar” means thinking about something in relation in values & standards. The perception & response of values is associated with a wide range of emotions and feelings which vary from individual to individual.
2. TYPES OF THINKING:

J.P GUIL FORD suggested the types into following:

1. Converging thinking: In this type, we select a single correct solution out of several alternatives.
2. Diverging (Creativity) thinking: in this type, we generate as many different solutions as possible.
3. LEVELS OF THINKING:

According to the Sigmund Freud, the mental activity of an individual categorized into three levels as:

1. Conscious Level:   Conscious mind is concerned with immediate present awareness. It is involved in deliberate thinking, problem solving and decision making
   1. Foreconcious level: Foreconcious level mind is the store house of the memory. It is possible to recall data facts and experience which can readily become conscious.
   1. Unconscious level: Below the level recall lies a store house experience through the desires & feelings which once conscious, but are completely forgotten now.
2. CREATIVE THINKING:
3. It is a way of creating new ideas.
4. It leads to the nature in flexibility of choice & it gains in quality of decision.
5. There are four aspects of creativity:
6. Ideas or product created
7. Process of creating
8. Person of creator
9. Environment of creative thinking
10. STEPS OF CREATIVE THINKING:

There are five steps of creative thinking:

1. Stimulus:    Creative thinking does not occur in vacuum. It needs some stimulus to work on.
   1. Exploration: As diverge thinking, increasing quality of idea and allow adequate time.
   1. Planning:   As defining information gathering information & making thinking visible.
   1. Activity:   It is doing some thing with one’s ideas that counts in life.

Review:           Some times it should be set a side for evaluator or review.

DEFINITION OF MOTIVATION:

1. The word motivation (Latin; Motives=move), motivation is an inner impulse that induces a person to act in a certain way
   1. Motivation is a process which starts with a need that activates behavior or a drive that is aimed at an incentive.
      1. Need: Needs are created when physiological or psychological imbalance occurs.
      1. Drive: That setups to diminish or relieve needs
      1. Incentives: Anything that will alleviate a need or reduces the drive.
2. MOTIVATOR:

A person who stimulate the people for inner impulses, which induce a person to act in a certain way

• TYPES OF MOTIVATION:
• Extrinsic Motives: Motive that is experienced from external like: to get position, or good marks.
• Intrinsic Motives: Motive that is fulfills through the inner needs of the person like, satisfaction, this is the best form of the motive.
• LEVELS OD MOTIVATION:
• level 1: to obtain the necessities for life such as: food, shelter, rest, safety and clothing.
• level 2: To safety, social needs such as: love, friendship, & respect.
• Level 3: To develop a nurse for personal satisfaction such as Talents and abilities.
• FACTORS OF MOTIVATION:
  • Nature of the work
  • Responsibility
  • Achievement
  • Recognisation factor
  • Self improvement
  • Advancement
• DEMITIVATING FACTORS:
• Inadequate salary
• Bad working condition
• In-effective administration
• In-competent supervision
• Poor inter-personal relationship
• Personal qualities of leader
• THEORIES OF THE MOTIVATION:

There are three theories, proposed during the 1950, they are:

1. MASLOW NEEDS:
   1. Physiological needs as Hunger, Water, Air, Shelter
   1. Safety needs         as Safety
   1. Social needs          as love & affection
   1. Self esteem           as High status in society
   1. Self actualization  as Self respect
   1. X & Y THEORY:

Dougles Macgregor proposed two destruct of the nature of the human being such as: basically negative view as “X” & positive view as “Y” theory.

• MOTIVATION HYGIENIC THEORY:

Freed Rick Herzberg states that an individual relation to his/her work is a basic one and that his/her attitude to work cab be every well determined success or failure.

According to this theory the factors are leading to job satisfaction are separated and distinct that leads inter-personal relation working condition & salary have been characterized by Herzberg as Hygienic factor.

• MOTIVES:

A person is stimulus promoting a person to act in a particular way. Every action has a motive behind it. Motivation is consist of =Motive + Action

1. EXAMPLES OF MOTIVES:
2. Wish or Desire
3. An idea
4. A need e.g.,; Hunger, Sex
5. Some interest
6. An emotion
7. A reward
8. A goal

INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION

               A. DEFINITION TO COMMUNICATION:

• Communication is described as mode of verbal and non-verbal response.
• Communication is described as transmission and reception of messages.
• PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNICATION:
  • To initiate action
  • To learn
  • To exchange ideas
  • To win commitment
  • To convey message
  • To inquire something
  • To enlarge understanding
  • To help others
  • To reduce tension
  • To change attitudes
  • To solve problem
  • To update the facts
• ELEMENTS OF THE COMMUNICATION:
• Sender
• Receiver
• Messenger
• Channel (Media)
• Feed back
• TYPES OF THE COMMUNICATION:
  • DOWNWARD COMMUNICATION:
• Communication through superior to the sub-ordinates.
• UPWARD COMMUNICATION:
• Communication through sub-ordinates to the superior.

• HORIZONTAL COMMUNICATION:
• Communication between equal status personalities.
• LATERAL COMMUNICATION:
• Communication through third party.
• STEPS OF THE COMMUNICATION PROCESS:      
• THINKING: Process begins with thought, ideas & feelings
• ENCODING: When ideas converted into the words, symbol by the sender
• TRANSMITTING: Message transmitted via the channel
• PERCEIVING: Receiving of the message through the five senses
• DECODING: Message is put into some understandable form by the receiver
• FEED BACK: Replying of the message either positive or negative.
• ACTION: Conclusion of the message if understandable positive result achieved, if not respectively negative result achieved.
• GENERAL TYPES OF THE COMMUNICATION:
  • Direct verbal communication:     face to face communication
  • Indirect verbal communication: mass-media communication
  • Non-verbal communication:       facial expressions, gestures, general appearance
  • Formal communication:              official communication
  • Informal communication:            grape wine, rumors communication
  • One-way communication:           communication in auto-cratic style
  • Two-way communication:          communication between or among the people
  • Writing communication:             paper communication work
  • Para-language communication: tone of voice firm, volume, speech rate

6.  Abstract communication:  communication which you can not feel but can observe as Painting, photo etc

• MEDIA USED FOR COMMUNICATION:
• Oral Media:
  • Speeches
  • Television
  • Meetings
  • Public system
• W ritten Media:
  • Letters
  • Manuals
  • Newspaper
  • Description of procedures
  • Reports
  • Magazines
  • Posters
• FACTORS  AFFECTING ON COMMUNICATION:   
  • Feed back
  • Trust
  • Expectations
  • Values
  • Status
  • Compatibility
    • Emotions
    • Language
    • Time pressure
    • Non-verbal selection
    • Over-load
• BARRIERS OF COMMUNICATION:
  • Filtering
  • Emotions
  • Language
  • Time pressure
  • Non-verbal
  • Selective
  • Over load
  • Short circuiting
  • Distortion
• PATTERNS OF NETWORK COMMUNICATION:   
  • Chain pattern
  • Y-pattern
  • Wheel pattern
  • Circle pattern
  • Oval pattern
  • All channels (Bazar/ Market)
• CHANNELS OF THE COMMUNICATION:
  • Speech way communication
  • Sound way communication
  • Action way communication
  • Taste way communication
  • Smell way communication
  • Touch way communication
  • Silence way communication
  • Mannerism way communication
• SKILLS OF THE COMMUNICATION:
  • Telling skills
  • Asking skills
  • Listening skills
  • Understanding skills
  • Convincing skills
  • Observing skills
• WAYS OF IMPROVING COMMUNICATION:
  • Try to clarify the ideas
  • Ensure that, there is true purpose of communication
  • Positive tone of voice create interest
  • Learn proper term of address
  • Try to develop good relationship
  • Get avoidance from the hate
  • Be simple
  • Be honest
  • Try to share personal experience & belief
  • Explain purpose of your organization & follow up your communication
  • Elevate effectiveness of the message

LEADERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

A.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGER AND LEADER:   

B.  DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MANAGEMENT AND LEADERSHIP: